Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology 2023 1MB > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertension?

A

A level of sustained arterial pressure that is higher than expected for the age, sex and ethnicity of the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bloof pressure higher than ___/__mmHg is classified as hypertension and is treated

A

140/90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypertension is a risk factor for what?

A
  1. Cerebral haemorrhage
  2. Aneurysm
  3. Atheroma
  4. Renal failure
  5. Sudden cardiac death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two classifications of hypertension?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is primary hypertension?

A

Hypertension with an unknown cause (idiopathic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Hypertension as a result of another condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is MABP calculated?

A

MABP = CO x TPR

or

MABP = (2 x systolic + diastolic)/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What three main factors can alter blood pressure?

A
  1. HR
  2. Contractility
  3. Blood volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Total peripheral resistance is increased by which factors?

A

Vasoconstrictors

(angiotensin II, catechloamines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Total peripheral resistance is decreased by which type of factor?

A

Vasodilators

(nitric oxide, prostaglandins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What may be the cause of primary hypertension?

A
  • Genetics
  • Salt intake
  • Protein intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of secondary hypertension may include?

A

**mnemonicROPE
Renal disease
OBesity
* Endocrine disease
* Aortic disease
* Renal artery stenosis
* Drug therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why can renal functioning be a cause of hypertension?

A

If disease is present such as renal artery stenosis, interstitial nephritis or glomerulitis.

This will lead to reduced renal blood flow

Excess renin release

Salt and water overload in the blood (increased retention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is benign hypertension?

A

Hypertension with no harmful symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What may benign hypertension eventually cause, even if it has no direct effects?

A
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Renal disease
  • Aneurysm rupture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is hypertension bad for the heart?

A

Increased presssure damages the heart causing it to undergo fibrosis and the contractile ability will decrease

17
Q

What is microvascular injury and how is hypertension involved?

A

Hypertension can cause microvascula rinjury in small vessels

Thickening of the tunica media occurs as the arteries try to cope with the pressure

Hyaline arteriosclerosis occurs which involves plasma proteins and excessive extracellular matrix (from smooth muscle cells) being forced into the endothelial walls

This is associated with hardening of the arteries

18
Q

What medical condition can occur as a result of preganancy associated hypertension?

A

Eclampsia

(convulsions and potential coma)

19
Q

What are some risk factors for hypertension?

A
  • ROPE:
    • R – Renal disease. renal artery stenosis.
    • O – Obesity
    • P – Pregnancy induced hypertension / pre-eclampsia
    • E – Endocrine, hyperaldosteronism (“Conns syndrome”
20
Q

What device can be used to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension?

A

Abulatory blood pressure monitor

(or home blood pressure monitor)

21
Q

What is stage 1 hypertension?

A

Clincal BP - 140/90mmHg

ABPM/HBPM - 135/85mmHg

22
Q

What is stage 2 hypertension?

A

Clinical BP - 160/100mmHg

ABPM/HBPM - 150/95mmHg

23
Q

Severe hypertension is classed as systolic blood pressure exceeding ___mmHg or diastolic exceeding ___mmHg

A

180

110

24
Q

What is the white coat effect?

A

When a patient will record a higher than normal BP reading in clinic

25
Q

What is masked hypertension?

A

When a patient records a lower blood pressure reading in clinic than normal so high BP is not necessarily diagnosed

26
Q

Which tests can be used to diagnose hypertension?

A
  • Urine test (presence of protein)
  • Blood test (glucose, electrolytes, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate and cholesterol)
  • Examine fundi for hypertensive retinopathy
  • 12 lead ECG
27
Q

What is a funduscopy?

A

A test using an ophthalmoscope to see inside the retina of the eye to examine for hypertensive retinopathy

28
Q

What are some secondary causes of hypertension?

A
  • Renal disease
  • Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Aldosteronism
  • Reno-vascular disease
  • Uncommon causes include:
  • Cushing’s, Pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, aortic coarction, intercranial tumour
29
Q

What is fibromuscular dysplasia?

A

Abnormal growth within blood vessel walls

Can affect renal and carotid arteries

Affects younger women most commonly

30
Q

Reducing CV risk has which two main areas to target?

A
  1. Lifestyle factors
  2. Pharmacotherapy
31
Q

In the event of resistant hypertension, there can be numerous causes. List some of these and the drug which may be used if the condition is genuine

A
  • Not taking medication
  • Lifestyle factors
  • Drug interactions
  • Genuine resistance

Spironolactone - a diuretic can be used in genuine cases

32
Q

using two drugs will lower the side effect of each other True / False

A

True

33
Q

A patient comes back to the doctor’s office for a follow-up, their main complaint was severe headaches and palpitations they claim that their bp was 135/85 when they measured, you take their blood pressure and it is 110/70, what is your next approach?

A

Put them under 24 hour ambulatory bp monitoring (ABPM )

34
Q

A patient presents with tachycardia and hypertension, he’s having tremors and you observe his nose bleeding, what is the diagnosis and cause of his symptoms?

A

Secondary HTN, Intake of cocaine

35
Q

How do you treat patients who have hypertension but the renin level is low?

A

Diuretics

36
Q

A 40 year old female patient comes to you presenting with obesity, buffalo hump and moon face, you check her glucose levels and they are high, she also has hypertension. What is the most likely cause of that high blood pressure?

A

Hypercortisolism

37
Q

Which mechanism leads to hypertension in patients with hyperparathyroidism?

A

increase total resistance lead to increase BP

38
Q

A 60 y.o. male patient present with altered mental status and dyspnea. Physical exam reveals blood pressure of 185/135mmHg and rales on lung auscultation. It was revealed that the patient has hypertension over 15 years. He was prescribed losartan to control the hypertension in the past 10 years regularly. But he stopped taking the medicine regularly a year ago. Chest X-Ray reveals pulmonary edema and cardiomegaly. EKG was taken and revealed atrial fibrillation with RBBB pattern. Urinalysis shows hematuria and albuminuria.

what is the type of hypertension? and Why ?

A

Sever Hypertension because

The patient had super high blood pressure

b) The patient had chronic hypertension
c) The patient had evidence of organ failure shown by urinalysis (hematuria and albuminuria)
d) The patient had possibly diastolic heart failure due to having rales on lung auscultation

????

Cardiology 2023 1MB (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions