Cardiovascular Management

Question 1

An electrocardiogram records an electrocardiograph. True/False?

Answer 1

False
An electrocardiogram, or EKG, records electrical activity of the heart from the surface of the body.

Question 2

Charge differences during the cardiac cycle creates a dipole which generates an electrical field that is measurable with electrodes. The measured potential difference is greatest when the lead axis is perpendicular to the direction of the dipole. True/False?

Answer 2

False

Potential difference is greatest when lead axis is parallel to direction of the dipole

Question 3

Describe the standard limb leads, i.e. where they are aligned

Answer 3

Lead I: RA-LA
Lead II: RA-LL
Lead III: LA-LL

Question 4

The positive electrode is the recording electrode. What does this mean?

Answer 4

The wave of depolarisation moves towards this electrode

Question 5

What does the P wave represent? How long is it?

Answer 5

Atrial depolarisation

0.08-0.10s

Question 6

What does the QRS complex represent? How long is it?

Answer 6

Ventricular depolarisation

Less than 0.10s

Question 7

What does the T wave represent?

Answer 7

Ventricular repolarisation

Question 8

What does the PR interval represent? How long is it?

Answer 8

AV nodal delay

0.12-0.20s

Question 9

What does the ST segment represent?

Answer 9

(maintained) Ventricular systole

Question 10

What does the TP interval represent?

Answer 10

Diastole

Question 11

What are the 3 augmented limb leads?

Answer 11

aVR, aVL and aVF

Question 12

Why is the aVR recording inverted on an ECG?

Answer 12

The wave of depolarisation is moving away from this electrode

Question 13

One large box (5 small squares) on an ECG represents how many seconds?

Answer 13

0.2 seconds

Question 14

How do we calculate heart rate on a regular ECG?

Answer 14

300/no. of large boxes between R-R peaks

Question 15

How do we calculate heart rate on an irregular ECG?

Answer 15

300/no. of QRS peaks in 6 large boxes

Question 16

What are the main risk factors for CVD?

Answer 16

Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes
Dyslipidaemia/obesity
Lack of physical activity

Question 17

Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with greater incidence of CVD events than hypercholesterolemia. True/False?

Answer 17

False

Question 18

HDL cholesterol tends to be low when triglycerides are high. True/False?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Essential hypertension has a clear underlying cause. True/False?

Answer 19

False

Cause largely unknown; secondary hypertension usually has a cause

Question 20

What lead primarily detects forces moving from head
to feet (inferiorly)?

Answer 20

) Lead II, III, aVF

Question 21

) What lead primarily detects forces moving in right ventrical and basle spectum ?

Answer 21

aVR

Question 22

) What lead primarily detects forces moving in the anterior wall of the heart

Answer 22

V2-V3

Question 23

What lead primarily detects forces moving in the High lateral wall of the LV

Answer 23

Lead I, avL , V5-V6

Question 24

What lead primarily detects forces moving in the Inferior wall of the heart

Answer 24

Lead II, III,
avF

Question 25

) In normal ECG, what does the q wave in v6 correspond to?

Answer 25

d) Septal depolarization

Question 26

3) What is the normal direction/vector of the atrial depolarization?

Answer 26

a) Left, anterior, inferior It is according to the location of the heart and its apex.

Question 27

Where is the lead v6 attached to?

Answer 27

d) 5th ICS, MAL(Mid axillary line)

Question 28

True or False. When using chest leads, you will notice that the R wave progressively increases from leads V1 to V6—V6 having the largest R wave.

Answer 28

Ture and its the oppoiste for S wave

Question 29

what are Shape of the waves According to the direction of charge

Answer 29

+ to + upward (depolarise) + to - downward (away from the lead ) Negtive to negtive upward (repolarise) Stright and perpediucular to the axis sright (zero charge) look at the table

Question 30

Exercise ECG Exercise ECG testing can assess:

Answer 30

- functional capacity. - likelihood/possibility of ischaemic heart disease. - prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. it is important to remember that a normal exercise ECG does not exclude heart disease

Question 31

Symptoms and signs of DVT

Answer 31

Symptoms of DVT Signs of DVT ·  Swelling of calf and/or thigh in one leg ·  Oedema/swelling ·  Discomfort/cramps ·   Colour change (red to purple) ·  Tenderness on weight bearing ·  Distension of superficial veins ·  Warmth ·   Palpable tender venous cord ·  Discolouration ·  Reluctance to move leg ·  No symptoms ·   No sings ·  Presentation with pulmonary embolism -  Signs of pulmonary embolism ·  Pyrexia (low grade) · Fever