Cardiovascular Management Flashcards
An electrocardiogram records an electrocardiograph. True/False?
False
An electrocardiogram, or EKG, records electrical activity of the heart from the surface of the body.
Charge differences during the cardiac cycle creates a dipole which generates an electrical field that is measurable with electrodes. The measured potential difference is greatest when the lead axis is perpendicular to the direction of the dipole. True/False?
False
Potential difference is greatest when lead axis is parallel to direction of the dipole
Describe the standard limb leads, i.e. where they are aligned
Lead I: RA-LA
Lead II: RA-LL
Lead III: LA-LL
The positive electrode is the recording electrode. What does this mean?
The wave of depolarisation moves towards this electrode
What does the P wave represent? How long is it?
Atrial depolarisation
0.08-0.10s
What does the QRS complex represent? How long is it?
Ventricular depolarisation
Less than 0.10s
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarisation
What does the PR interval represent? How long is it?
AV nodal delay
0.12-0.20s
What does the ST segment represent?
(maintained) Ventricular systole
What does the TP interval represent?
Diastole
What are the 3 augmented limb leads?
aVR, aVL and aVF
Why is the aVR recording inverted on an ECG?
The wave of depolarisation is moving away from this electrode
One large box (5 small squares) on an ECG represents how many seconds?
0.2 seconds
How do we calculate heart rate on a regular ECG?
300/no. of large boxes between R-R peaks
How do we calculate heart rate on an irregular ECG?
300/no. of QRS peaks in 6 large boxes
What are the main risk factors for CVD?
Hypertension Smoking Diabetes Dyslipidaemia/obesity Lack of physical activity
Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with greater incidence of CVD events than hypercholesterolemia. True/False?
False
HDL cholesterol tends to be low when triglycerides are high. True/False?
True
Essential hypertension has a clear underlying cause. True/False?
False
Cause largely unknown; secondary hypertension usually has a cause
What lead primarily detects forces moving from head
to feet (inferiorly)?
) Lead II, III, aVF
) What lead primarily detects forces moving in right ventrical and basle spectum ?
aVR
) What lead primarily detects forces moving in the anterior wall of the heart
V2-V3
What lead primarily detects forces moving in the High lateral wall of the LV
Lead I, avL , V5-V6
What lead primarily detects forces moving in the Inferior wall of the heart
Lead II, III,
avF
) In normal ECG, what does the q wave in v6
correspond to?
d) Septal depolarization
3) What is the normal direction/vector of the atrial
depolarization?
a) Left, anterior, inferior
It is according to the location of the heart and its apex.
Where is the lead v6 attached to?
d) 5th ICS, MAL(Mid axillary line)
True or False. When using chest leads, you will
notice that the R wave progressively increases
from leads V1 to V6—V6 having the largest R
wave.
Ture and its the oppoiste for S wave
what are Shape of the waves According to the direction of charge
+ to + upward (depolarise)
+ to - downward (away from the lead )
Negtive to negtive upward (repolarise)
Stright and perpediucular to the axis sright (zero charge)
look at the table
Exercise ECG Exercise ECG testing can assess:
- functional capacity.
- likelihood/possibility of ischaemic heart disease.
- prognosis following acute myocardial infarction.
it is important to remember that a normal exercise ECG does not exclude heart disease
Symptoms and signs of DVT
Symptoms of DVT Signs of DVT
· Swelling of calf and/or thigh in one leg · Oedema/swelling
· Discomfort/cramps · Colour change (red to purple)
· Tenderness on weight bearing · Distension of superficial veins
· Warmth · Palpable tender venous cord
· Discolouration · Reluctance to move leg
· No symptoms · No sings
· Presentation with pulmonary embolism - Signs of pulmonary embolism
· Pyrexia (low grade) · Fever
