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Cardiology 2023 1MB > Cardiovascular Management > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Management Flashcards

1
Q

An electrocardiogram records an electrocardiograph. True/False?

A

False
An electrocardiogram, or EKG, records electrical activity of the heart from the surface of the body.

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2
Q

Charge differences during the cardiac cycle creates a dipole which generates an electrical field that is measurable with electrodes. The measured potential difference is greatest when the lead axis is perpendicular to the direction of the dipole. True/False?

A

False

Potential difference is greatest when lead axis is parallel to direction of the dipole

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3
Q

Describe the standard limb leads, i.e. where they are aligned

A

Lead I: RA-LA
Lead II: RA-LL
Lead III: LA-LL

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4
Q

The positive electrode is the recording electrode. What does this mean?

A

The wave of depolarisation moves towards this electrode

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5
Q

What does the P wave represent? How long is it?

A

Atrial depolarisation

0.08-0.10s

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6
Q

What does the QRS complex represent? How long is it?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

Less than 0.10s

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7
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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8
Q

What does the PR interval represent? How long is it?

A

AV nodal delay

0.12-0.20s

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9
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

(maintained) Ventricular systole

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10
Q

What does the TP interval represent?

A

Diastole

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11
Q

What are the 3 augmented limb leads?

A

aVR, aVL and aVF

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12
Q

Why is the aVR recording inverted on an ECG?

A

The wave of depolarisation is moving away from this electrode

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13
Q

One large box (5 small squares) on an ECG represents how many seconds?

A

0.2 seconds

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14
Q

How do we calculate heart rate on a regular ECG?

A

300/no. of large boxes between R-R peaks

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15
Q

How do we calculate heart rate on an irregular ECG?

A

300/no. of QRS peaks in 6 large boxes

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16
Q

What are the main risk factors for CVD?

A 
Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes
Dyslipidaemia/obesity
Lack of physical activity
17
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with greater incidence of CVD events than hypercholesterolemia. True/False?

A

False

18
Q

HDL cholesterol tends to be low when triglycerides are high. True/False?

A

True

19
Q

Essential hypertension has a clear underlying cause. True/False?

A

False

Cause largely unknown; secondary hypertension usually has a cause

20
Q

What lead primarily detects forces moving from head
to feet (inferiorly)?

A

) Lead II, III, aVF

21
Q

) What lead primarily detects forces moving in right ventrical and basle spectum ?

A

aVR

22
Q

) What lead primarily detects forces moving in the anterior wall of the heart

A

V2-V3

23
Q

What lead primarily detects forces moving in the High lateral wall of the LV

A

Lead I, avL , V5-V6

24
Q

What lead primarily detects forces moving in the Inferior wall of the heart

A

Lead II, III,
avF

25
Q

) In normal ECG, what does the q wave in v6
correspond to?

A

d) Septal depolarization

26
Q

3) What is the normal direction/vector of the atrial
depolarization?

A

a) Left, anterior, inferior
It is according to the location of the heart and its apex.

27
Q

Where is the lead v6 attached to?

A

d) 5th ICS, MAL(Mid axillary line)

28
Q

True or False. When using chest leads, you will
notice that the R wave progressively increases
from leads V1 to V6—V6 having the largest R
wave.

A

Ture and its the oppoiste for S wave

29
Q

what are Shape of the waves According to the direction of charge

A

+ to + upward (depolarise)
+ to - downward (away from the lead )
Negtive to negtive upward (repolarise)
Stright and perpediucular to the axis sright (zero charge)

look at the table

30
Q

Exercise ECG Exercise ECG testing can assess:

A
  • functional capacity.
  • likelihood/possibility of ischaemic heart disease.
  • prognosis following acute myocardial infarction.
    it is important to remember that a normal exercise ECG does not exclude heart disease
31
Q

Symptoms and signs of DVT

A

Symptoms of DVT Signs of DVT
· Swelling of calf and/or thigh in one leg · Oedema/swelling
· Discomfort/cramps · Colour change (red to purple)
· Tenderness on weight bearing · Distension of superficial veins
· Warmth · Palpable tender venous cord
· Discolouration · Reluctance to move leg
· No symptoms · No sings
· Presentation with pulmonary embolism - Signs of pulmonary embolism
· Pyrexia (low grade) · Fever

Cardiology 2023 1MB (28 decks)

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