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Fundamentals- Cohort A-5 > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical HTN /Hypertension Stage 2 is classified at what BP?

A

= or >140 systolic or = or >90 diastolic

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2
Q

What are the two classifications of HTN? And what are the differences?

A

Primary (unknown) and secondary (disease associated with HTN: kidney disease, Cushing’s syndrome)

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3
Q

What chemical is released from the endothelium that causes vasodilation?

A

Nitric Oxide

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4
Q

Name some negative physiological effects of HTN?

A

Cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, vascular dysfunction, renal damage, stroke, dementia, hemorrhage, Alzheimer’s

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5
Q

What age group?

Elevated systolic BP in isolation (diastolic is not effected)

A

Older adults

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6
Q

What happens to blood vessels in older age?

A

Decreased elasticity

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7
Q

Mono-therapy for BP control helps older adults how?

A

Finances (psychosocial), aids in drug compliance, drug interactions

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8
Q

____ + ____ = BP

A

CO + PVR

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9
Q

____ + _____ = CO

A

SV + HR (1 minute)

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10
Q

Would an increase in HR increase or decrease BP?

A

Increase

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11
Q

Definition: loss of volume

A

Hypovolemia

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12
Q

What system is activated when there is hypovolemia or high BP?

A

RAAS

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13
Q

Results of activating RAAS….

A

^ ADH, ^ Aldosterone (^Na+ retention), ^ vasoconstriction, ^ Na+ retention

H2O follows Na+

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14
Q

Risk Factors for HTN?

A

^ stress, high salt diet, obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, low K+ diet, men, African-American, too much alcohol, sleep apnea, smoking, DNA family history

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15
Q

Non-modifiable HTN risk factors?

A

Men, African American, DNA family history

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16
Q

Modifiable HTN risk factors?

A

stress, high Na+ diet, obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet habits, low K+ diet, too much alcohol, smoking

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17
Q

What macromolecule can be present in urine in a pt. with HTN?

A

Protein

18
Q

What 2 labs are tested to check renal function?

A

BUN & Creatinine

19
Q

What does a high blood creatinine level indicate?

A

kidneys are not getting rid of waste products

20
Q

What does a high BUN indicate?

A

Problems with kidneys

21
Q

What macromolecule is toxic to the nephrons?

What does this contribute to?

A

Protein

Chronic kidney disease

22
Q

What diagnostic/lab tests should be included in a patient with HTN?

A

Lipid profile, EKG, Echocardiogram

23
Q

What kind and amounts of foods are in the DASH diet for HTN?

A

8-10 servings of fruits and vegetables per day

Less than 1 1/4 tsp of salt per day

24
Q

What green leafy vegetable is #1 for someone with HTN?

high in nitric oxide

A

Arugula

25
Q

What should be recommended for a patient on the DASH diet instead of jarred pickles (^ in Na+)?

A

Fresh cucumbers (^ in K+)

causes relaxation/vasodilation

26
Q

What should be recommended for a patient on the DASH diet instead of potato chips (^ in Na+)?

A

Fresh potato (^ in K+)

Causes relaxation/vasodilation

27
Q

DASH diet: what mineral/electrolyte should be limited?

How much per day?

A

Na+

<2400 mg (~1 1/4 tsp)

28
Q

What does exercise increase that helps with HTN?

A

Nitric oxide release (vasodilation)

29
Q

How much moderate-intensity aerobic activity should a person get per week?

A

150 minutes

30
Q

Examples of aerobic exercises?

A

Walking, running, biking, swimming

31
Q

How many days per week should a person do muscle-strengthening activity?

A

2 days

32
Q

What are examples of muscle-strengthening activities?

A

Push ups, Weightliftingj

33
Q

What amount of alcohol consumption is considered moderate, for men? for women?

A

Men- up to 2 drinks

Women- up to 1 drink

34
Q

What hormone is released from the kidneys that begins RAAS?

A

Renin

35
Q

What stimulates the release of renin in the kidneys?

A

Decreased perfusion

36
Q

Where is aldosterone released from?

A

Adrenal Cortex

37
Q

Where is ACE released from?

A

Lungs

38
Q

What is the function of ACE?

A

Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

39
Q

Definition: Life-threatening BP that requires immediate treatment to prevent target organ damage.

A

Hypertensive Emergency

40
Q

Definition: BP is very elevated but there is no evidence of target organ damage.

A

Hypertensive Urgency

41
Q

What is the treatment for Hypertensive Emergency?

A

IV vasodilators to gradually decrease BP

Fundamentals- Cohort A-5 (6 decks)

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