Hypersensitivity Flashcards
Hypersensitivity
Altered immunological status to antigen and results in damage/disease
Hypersensitive reaction includes:
Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Alloimmunity
Familial Autoimmune disease
Major histocompatibility complex genes
Family member can have different affects
Alloimmunity
- Human to human
- immune system attacks self or things given from another human
- transplant, neonatal disease (maternal immune system, blood transfusion reaction)
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Immediate
IgE
Mast cells
Most dangerous Type 1 hypersensitivity action
Anaphylactic
Local type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Rash
itching
erythema
Systemic type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Wheezing
Hay Fever (allergic rhinitis)
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Mast cell degranulation
Treatment of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Antihistamines/epi
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Immediate
IgG/IgM
Macrophages
Cytotoxic/organ specific
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Graves disease
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Drug allergies
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Transfusion reaction
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
What hypersensitivity reaction is tissue specific
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Immediate
IgG/IgM
Neutrophils
Serum Sickness
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Amoxicillin treatment causes reaction forming immune complexes on vascular endothelium causing vasculitis and tissue injury
Not organ specific/widespread
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Autoimmune diseases
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Lupus
Type III hypersensitivity reaction and II
Gluten allergy
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Type IV hypersensitivity Reaction
Not Humoral
delayed reaction
T-cell mediated
poison ivy
Type IV hypersensitivity Reaction
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Type IV hypersensitivity Reaction
Contact Dermatitis
Type IV hypersensitivity Reaction
Type IV hypersensitivity Reaction Rash
Does not involve mast cells and H1 receptors
only on the site of contact
antihistamines don’t work
Primary Immunodeficiency
Result of a sing gene defect
less common
antibody deficiency T or B cell
SCID
Hallmark is recurrent infection
Primary Immunodeficiency
Digeorge
Primary Immunodeficiency
Job syndrome, Familial Mediterranean fever, complement deficiencies
Primary Immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency
External cause (virus, exposure, environment)
Most common Secondary Immunodeficiency in the world
Malnutrition
Pneumocystis Carinii, HIV, pneumonia, cancer, sinus infection. graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
Secondary Immunodeficiency
Cancer
Secondary Immunodeficiency
Begin as a since cell
Multiple independent DNA mutations
Carcinoma
90%
Epithelial cells and organ surfaces
Adenocarcinoma
ductal or glandular
Sarcoma
2%
Connective tissue
Cancer stages
1 - in situ (no Mets)
2 local invasions
3spread to regional structures
4 distant mets
TMN rating system (0-3)
T- primary tumor
N- lymph node involvement
M- extent of mets
Gene Amplification
factors that cause cells to differentiate to cancer
HER 2
(human epithelial growth factor 2) breast CA
N-MYC
(normal cell growth amplifiers) neuroblastoma
Causes of Gene Amplification
15- 20 % of all cancer is causes by virus
(hep B & C, EBV, Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, human T-cell leukemia lymphoma virus, HPV)
Causes of Gene Amplification
Chemical or radiation
Chronic inflammation
Heredity (BRACA gene)
Carcinogenesis
initiation, progression and promotion theory
Stop Cancer
Good nutrition = promotes DNA repair
Lessen exposure
Immune system - reject tumor antigens
PSA, CEA, Alfa fetoprotein, HPV
Tumor specific antigens that can make susceptible to developing Ca
Lupus
autoimmune disorders - T-cells act against DNA
Type II hypersensitivity
Malar Rash on face
Arthralgias or arthritis
Neuro or renal symptoms
caused by prolonged use of medications like hydralazine or procainamide
Lupus
Treatment of Lupus
IVIG/NSAIDS/Corticosteroids/immunosuppressants/ antimalaria
Sjogren’s Syndrome
- Inflammation in salivary and lacrimal glands
T-cells act against apoptotic cells.
RA
-Autoantibodies and auto-reactive T-cells and B-cells against joint-associated antigens
Autoantibodies and auto-reactive T-cells against brain antigens
MS
Which cells are considered the “first responders” of the innate immune system
Neutophils
what assessment findings would be expected in a patient who presents with urticaria
Eosinophilia
