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NUR507 Midterm > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

begins in Vent diastole (muscle relaxes) = 70% of blood flow
- remaining 30% left in atria is pumped into vents in atria systole (closure of AV valves)
- Pressure builds in vents then 55-70% ejected to pul and systemic systems

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2
Q

What makes S1

A

closure of AV valves; mitral and tricuspid

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3
Q

what makes S2

A

closure of semilunar (AV and PV) valves

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4
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by each vent perisitnelty Approx 70 ml

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5
Q

EF

A

SV/EDV (amount of blood in the ventricles before systole) 55-70%

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6
Q

Cardiac Output

A

HR X SV

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7
Q

SV

A

Preload, afterload and contractility

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8
Q

Preload

A

Volume / stretch / loading the heart

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9
Q

Afterload

A

pressure / resistance
opens semi-lunar valves

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10
Q

Frank starling law

A

stretching cardiac muscle fibers during diastole will result in a stronger contraction

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11
Q

Causes of increased afterload

A

COPD, Systemic HTN, pul HTN, aortic valve stenosis

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12
Q

Decreased afterload causes

A

hypotension or vasodilation (shock)

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13
Q

Most immediate effect on afterload

A

HTN

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14
Q

Laplace’s Law

A

heart must work harder (increase tension or force) when the muscle is weak

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15
Q

Contractility

A

determined by calcium ion available and its interaction with actin and myosin. (inotropic state)

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16
Q

Causes of Decreased contractility

A

Acidosis, ischemia and cardiomyopathy

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17
Q

Heart failure

A

Less CO to meet body’s demands. dec contractility and SV and increased LVEDP and increased preload

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18
Q

Heart failure causes

A

Decreased contractility, SV, and increased LVEDF = heart dilation and increased preload

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19
Q

Major risk factor for developing HF

A

HTN

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20
Q

left Sided Heart Failure

A

HFrEF

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21
Q

Cause of HFrEF

A

HTN - inc afterload- inc preload (unable to eject normal amount of blood) -inc blood volume and pressure in pul veins - forced fluid out of vessels into tissues.

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22
Q

Unresolved Left HF causes

A

pressure/build up to right side of heart causing right sided heart failure

23
Q

Right sided Heart failure

A

HFpEF

24
Q

Patho of Right HF

A

inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into pulmonary circulation. pul HTN, COPD, Left HF

25
Q

high output (bi-V) failure

A

unresolved right heart failure results in left HF

26
Q

Causes of High-out-put failure

A

severe anemia, nutritional deficiencies (berry-Berry), hyperthyroidism, sepsis (inc metabolic rate), extreme febrile states

27
Q

Stages of heart failure

A

A : no symptoms /has risk factors
B: no symptoms/structure defects like MI
C: has symptoms (classifications come into play)
D: end stage / failure treatment needs pacer /transplant

28
Q

Classifications of HF

A

Classified level of severity/damage
starts are stage C

29
Q

Class 1 HF

A

Mild; no physical limitations.

30
Q

Class 2 HF

A

mild; slight limitation to physical activity. comfortable at rest

31
Q

Class 3 HF

A

moderate; marked decreased with physical activity. marked limited physical activity. Comfortable at rest

32
Q

Class 4 HF

A

sever. cant complete physical activities without discomfort. no comfortable at rest.

33
Q

Aortic Stenosis

A

Mid systolic cresendo decresendo murmur heard loudest at base

34
Q

S 4 gallop present, fainting, sustained laterally placed apical pulse

A

Aortic stenosis

35
Q

Aortic Regurgitation

A

early, high-pitched diastolic murmur heard at the left lower sternal border.

36
Q

HTN, SOB that progressively worsens, cardiomegaly and pul edema on CXR

A

Aortic Regurgitation

37
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

Rumbling, decrescendo (low pitched) diastolic murmur heard at apex of the heart

38
Q

SOB with activity, pounding racing heart, JVD, Crackles,

A

Mitral stenosis

39
Q

history of rheumatic heart disease associated with

A

Mitral stenosis

40
Q

mitral regurgitation

A

blowing pansystolic/holosystolic murmur best at the heart’s apex

41
Q

SOB, JVD, crackles in bases

A

Mital regurgitation

42
Q

4+ pulses, HTN, pul edema and cardiomegaly

A

Aortic regurgitation

43
Q

modifiable risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

A

Obesity

44
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is mainly the result of

A

Longstanding atherosclerosis.

45
Q

In CAD pumping ability of the heart can be impaired due to the deprivation of oxygen
Ture or false

A

True

46
Q

major risk factor for the development of CAD is

A

Family history

47
Q

Cor Pulmonale is

A

Right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension

48
Q

Most common cause of right heart failure is

A

Pulmonary HTN

49
Q

In the healthy heart, the response to an increase in preload is for the stroke volume to

A

Increase

50
Q

Hypertension has its most immediate effect on

A

Afterload

51
Q

JVD, Hepatosplenomegaly, peripheral edema, cor polmonale, tricuspid valve damage

A

Right sided heart failure

52
Q

Decreased EF, increased LV preload, pulmonary edema and dyspnea

A

Left sided heart failure

53
Q

LVEDP

A

left vent end diastolic volume and if increased in HR = increased preload

NUR507 Midterm (5 decks)

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