من اول Hypernatremia

Question 1

What is hyponatremia?

Answer 1

Serum sodium less than 135 mEq/L

Causes include adrenal insufficiency, water intoxication, SIADH, or losses by vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, diuretics.

Question 2

What are the manifestations of hyponatremia?

Answer 2

Poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache, decreased salivation, decreased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal cramping, neurologic changes.

Question 3

What is the medical management for hyponatremia?

Answer 3

Water restriction and sodium replacement.

Question 4

What is the nursing management for hyponatremia?

Answer 4

Assessment and prevention, dietary sodium and fluid intake, identify and monitor at-risk patients, effects of medications (diuretics, lithium).

Question 5

What is hypernatremia?

Answer 5

Serum sodium greater than 145 mEq/L

Causes include excess water loss, excess sodium administration, diabetes insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions.

Question 6

What are the manifestations of hypernatremia?

Answer 6

Thirst, elevated temperature, dry swollen tongue, sticky mucosa, neurologic symptoms, restlessness, weakness.

Question 7

What is the medical management for hypernatremia?

Answer 7

Hypotonic electrolyte solution or D5W.

Question 8

What is the nursing management for hypernatremia?

Answer 8

Assessment and prevention, assess for OTC sources of sodium, offer and encourage fluids to meet patient needs, provide sufficient water with tube feedings.

Question 9

What is hypokalemia?

Answer 9

Below-normal serum potassium (<3.5 mEq/L), may occur with normal potassium levels with alkalosis due to shift of serum potassium into cells.

Causes include GI losses, medications, alterations of acid-base balance, hyperaldosterism, poor dietary intake.

Question 10

What are the manifestations of hypokalemia?

Answer 10

Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness and cramps, paresthesias, glucose intolerance, decreased muscle strength, DTRs.

Question 11

What is the medical management for hypokalemia?

Answer 11

Increased dietary potassium, potassium replacement, IV for severe deficit.

Question 12

What is the nursing management for hypokalemia?

Answer 12

Assessment, severe hypokalemia is life-threatening, monitor ECG and ABGs, dietary potassium, nursing care related to IV potassium administration.