Hypermagnesemia

Question 1

What is hypermagnesemia?

Answer 1

Serum magnesium level greater than 2.3 mg/dL.

Causes include renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, excessive administration of magnesium.

Question 2

What are the manifestations of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 2

Flushing, lowered BP, nausea, vomiting, hypoactive reflexes, drowsiness, muscle weakness, depressed respirations, ECG changes, dysrhythmias.

Question 3

What is the medical management for hypermagnesemia?

Answer 3

IV calcium gluconate, loop diuretics, IV NS of RL, hemodialysis.

Question 4

What is the nursing management for hypermagnesemia?

Answer 4

Assessment, do not administer medications containing magnesium, patient teaching regarding magnesium-containing OTC medications.

Question 5

What is hypophosphatemia?

Answer 5

Serum phosphate level below 2.5 mg/dL.

Causes include alcoholism, refeeding after starvation, pain, heat stroke, respiratory alkalosis, hyperventilation, diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatic encephalopathy, major burns, hyperparathyroidism, low magnesium, low potassium, diarrhea, vitamin D deficiency, use of diuretics and antacids.

Question 6

What are the manifestations of hypophosphatemia?

Answer 6

Neurologic symptoms, confusion, muscle weakness, tissue hypoxia, muscle and bone pain, increased susceptibility to infection.

Question 7

What is the medical management for hypophosphatemia?

Answer 7

Oral or IV phosphorus replacement.

Question 8

What is the nursing management for hypophosphatemia?

Answer 8

Assessment, encourage foods high in phosphorus, gradually introduce calories for malnourished patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

Question 9

What is hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 9

Serum phosphate level above 4.5 mg/dL.

Causes include renal failure, excess phosphorus, excess vitamin D, acidosis, hypoparathyroidism, chemotherapy.

Question 10

What are the manifestations of hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 10

Few symptoms; soft-tissue calcifications, symptoms occur due to associated hypocalcemia.

Question 11

What is the medical management for hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 11

Treat underlying disorder, vitamin-D preparations, calcium-binding antacids, phosphate-binding gels or antacids, loop diuretics, NS IV, dialysis.

Question 12

What is the nursing management for hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 12

Assessment, avoid high-phosphorus foods; patient teaching related to diet, phosphate-containing substances, signs of hypocalcemia.

Question 13

What is hypoc hia?

Answer 13

Serum chloride level less than 97 mEq/L.