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EVNS > Hygiene > Flashcards

Hygiene Flashcards

1
Q

List preventative methods of disease

A
  • Cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation
  • Hygiene
  • PPE
  • Vaccination
  • Isolation
  • Barrier Nursing
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2
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

A chemical that will inhibit or destroy pathogens, but not bacterial spores, on inanimate object such as floors and kennels

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3
Q

What is a antiseptic?

A

A chemical that will inhibit or destroy pathogens without destroying animal cells; used on living tissue, so is a skin disinfectant

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4
Q

What is a detergent?

A

A chemical that breaks down grease and dirt; does not kill microorganisms

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5
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

The removal of all microorganisms including bacterial spores

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6
Q

What does -cide mean?

A

Indicates a chemical that kills a particular microorganism

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7
Q

What does -stat mean?

A

The action of a chemical that prevents or inhibits the growth of a microorganism

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8
Q

Describe levels of decontamination

A

Level 1: Cleaning (Low-risk areas)
Level 2: Disinfection (Medium risk areas)
Level 3: Sterilisation (High-risk areas)

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9
Q

What are the 7 groups of disinefectants?

A
  • Alcohols
  • Aldehydes
  • Biguanides
  • Halogens
  • Peroxides
  • Phenols
  • Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC’s)
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10
Q

What are alcohols?

A
  • Used for skin disinfection
  • In practice: 70% solution of ethanol for skin preparation for surgery
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11
Q

Give 3 examples of alcohols

A
  • Ethanol
  • Surgical spirit
  • Jeyes fluid, which is toxic to cats
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12
Q

What is an advantage of alcohol?

A

Rapid action

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of of alcohols?

A
  • Skin irritant
  • Inactivated by organic matter
  • Volatile
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14
Q

What are the 2 groups of aldehydes?

A

Formaldehydes and glutaraldehydes

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15
Q

What is an example of aldehyde?

A

Parvocide

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16
Q

What is an advantage of formaldehyde?

A

Not inactivated by organic matter

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17
Q

What are disadvantages of formaldehydes?

A
  • Highly irritant and toxic
  • Volatile
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18
Q

What is an advantage of glutaraldehyde?

A

Less irritant than formaldehydes

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19
Q

What is an disadvantage of glutaraldehyde?

A

Volatile

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20
Q

Give an example of biguanides?

A

Chlorhexidine; also known as hibiscrub

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21
Q

What are the advantages of biguanides?

A
  • Low toxicity, so little skin irritation
  • Can be actively enhanced by alcohols, QACs and alkaline pH
  • Effective and fast acting
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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of biguanides?

A
  • Effective on gram positive bacteria but not spores or viruses
  • Daily use can reduce commensal bacteria
  • Easily inactivated by organic matter
23
Q

What are the 5 groups halogens are broken down into?

A
  • Iodine
  • Iodophor
  • Chlorine
  • Fluorine
  • Bromine
24
Q

Give 3 examples of halogens

A
  • Povidone-iodine
  • Halogenated tertiary amine like anistel
  • Chlorine hypochlorite
25
Q

What are the advantages of iodine and iodophors?

A
  • Cheap
  • Readily available
  • Shorter activity time than chlorhexidine
26
Q

What are the disadvantages of iodine and iodophors?

A
  • Irritant to skin
  • Stains surfaces brown
27
Q

What are the advantages of chlorine hypochlorite?

A
  • Cheap
  • Readily available
28
Q

What are the disadvantages of chlorine hypochlorite?

A
  • Highly irritant to tissue
  • Corrosive to metals
  • Toxic
  • Strong smell
  • Can react with other compounds
29
Q

What are the disadvantages of bromine and fluorine?

A

Too toxic for veterinary use

30
Q

What are the 3 examples of peroxides?

A
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Proxygene compound
  • Peracetic acid
31
Q

What is an advantage of hydrogen peroxide?

A

Fast acting

32
Q

What is an disadvantage of hydrogen peroxide?

A

Ineffective against organic matter

33
Q

What is an advantage of proxygene compound?

A

Available as powder

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of proxygene compound?

A
  • Corrosive
  • Variable results in presence of organic matter
35
Q

What are the 4 groups phenols are broken down into?

A
  • Black
  • White
  • Clear fluids
  • Chlorinated
36
Q

Give 2 examples of phenols

A
  • Dettol
  • Jeyes fluid
37
Q

What are the advantages of phenols?

A
  • Cheap
  • Not easily deactivated by organic matter
38
Q

What are the disadvantages of phenols?

A
  • Toxic and irritant to skin
  • Toxic to cats
  • Strong smell
  • Leaves residue
39
Q

What are QACs?

A

Halogenated tertiary amines

40
Q

What are the advantages of QACs?

A
  • Low toxicity
  • Good detergent properties
  • Contact time 5 minutes
  • not easily deactivated by organic matter
41
Q

What are the disadvantages of QACs?

A
  • Inactivated by hard water
  • Expensive
42
Q

What is nosocomial?

A

A hospital acquired infection

43
Q

What are the 2 sterilisation methods

A
  • Cold sterilsation
  • heat sterilisation
44
Q

What are the 3 types of cold sterilisation?

A
  • Ethylene oxide gas
  • Chemical solution
  • Irradiation
45
Q

What are the 2 types of heat sterilisation?

A
  • Dry heat (Hot air oven)
  • Steam under pressure (Autoclave)
46
Q

What is ethylene oxide gas?

A

A gas that takes 12 hours to sterilise by inactivating DNA to stop cell reproduction of bacteria, fungi, viruses and spores

47
Q

What are 3 hazards of ethylene oxide gas?

A
  • Toxic
  • Irritant to tissues
  • Highly flammable
48
Q

What is chemical solution?

A
  • Chemical which equipment need to be submerged in for 24 hours to be sterilised
49
Q

What is irradiation?

A
  • When instruments/equipment is exposed to radiation
  • E.g. prepacked needles, syringes, suture materials, surgical gloves and scalpel blades
50
Q

What is dry heat (hot air oven)?

A
  • A hot air oven which kills microorganisms, but needs 4-5 hours to kill spores
51
Q

What is steam under pressure (autoclave)?

A

Steam temperature increases with pressure

52
Q

How do you know if a chemical indicator has worked?

A

If a TST strip should change colour to show sterilisation

53
Q

How are biological indicators used?

A

Using bacterial spores contained in a glass vial or withing a paper strip

EVNS (10 decks)

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