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CEE207A (Chad's): Energy Resources > Hydropower > Flashcards

Hydropower Flashcards

2
Q

Hydropower Features/Drivers (8)

A

renewable, efficient, no ff, mature tech, low variable costs, long economic life, energy storage, ancillary services

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3
Q

Hydropower Limitations (5)

A

not fully dispatchable, limiting and constrained siting, high transmission costs, not fully standardized, significant impacts

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4
Q

Hydropower Barriers

A

Environmental damage, startup difficulties, “clean” energy?, population disruption, RPS policies differ state to state, site specific

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5
Q

Hydropower Trends

A

dominate large scale e generator, stagnant in US, growing economies, less financial support than previous yrs due to enviro impacts

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6
Q

Power of Flowing water (equation)

A

specific weight * Vflow rate * energy head (z + p/y + v^2/2g)

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7
Q

Hydrologic Cycle

A

Driven by wind. Precip at higher elevations flows down. Net Evap = Net Precip

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8
Q

3 ways to extract energy from flowing water

A

pressure, velocity, height (z provides greatest range/management oppportunities)

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9
Q

Hydropower History

A

< 2000 BCE, mill wheels. 16th century was predom water. US: 1880s started combining w/ elec

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10
Q

US Hydropower History

A

1940: 40% e generation, 2011: 8.7% e generation, late 20th century: hydrokinetic energy

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11
Q

2000s US/Global generating capacity

A

22% of global generating Capacity is hydro, 19% of global energy Production is hydro, 10% of US generating Capacity is Hydro

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12
Q

Installed Capacity by Global Region

A

North America > Asia & Oceania > Europe > CA SA

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13
Q

Production Capacity by GlobalRegion

A

Asia & Oceana,

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14
Q

Top Producers of Hydropower

A

USA > China > Canada

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15
Q

Top Consumers (>90% Source) of Hydropower

A

Burundi, Congo,, Lesotho, Rwanda

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16
Q

US Hydro Generating Capacity by Region

A

Pacific (> 50%)

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17
Q

Hydraulic Terminology (4)

A

Headwater, Gross head, tailwater, net head

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18
Q

Hydroelectric Facilities (2)

A

Conventional, Hydrokinetic

19
Q

Conventional (3 descriptors)

A

capacity (ordinary, mini, micro); head (low, medium, high); configuration

20
Q

Conventional Configurations (3)

A

run-of river, storage and pumped-storage, hydrokinetic

21
Q

Hydrokinetic (4)

A

Ocean (wave, tidal, current), Ambient Flow

22
Q

Run-of-River Facilities (2)

A

without pondage (niagra), with pondage (ice harbor)

23
Q

Storage Facility

A

large structure (built dam, shasta dam). Ability to timeshift (associated supply with demand)

24
Q

Pump Storage Facility

A

depend on 2 reservoirs. When energy is cheap, buy energy, pump from low to high. When energy is exp, sell energy, spin from high to low

25
Q

Components of Conventional HP facilities (4)

A

Water source, Penstock, Powerhouse, Tailwater/Tailrace

26
Q

Water Source

A

Reservoir, pool, headwater

27
Q

Penstock

A

delivers water from source to powerhouse, sometimes includes surge chamber

28
Q

Turbines (def)

A

Dynamic force on runner through change in momentum of flowing water creates rotational motion

29
Q

3 Turbine Types

A

Impulse Turbine, Reaction Turbine, Free-Flow turbines (windmill analogs)

30
Q

Impulse

A

Jet turing a wheel: pelton wheel ,head converted to knetic energy through jet, atmopsheric pressure

31
Q

Reaction

A

.pressurized, pressure drop along with kinetic energy. Common components (scroll/spiral case, wicket gates, runner, draft tube). Francis turbines, Axial flow turbines

32
Q

Turbine selection

A

optimal head vs flowrate. Impulse (high h, low Q). Axial (low h, high Q). Francis are inbetween

33
Q

Turbine efficiency

A

Hill curve (insensitive to h, sensitive to Q)

34
Q

Hydropower Operations

A

Base or Peak Loading, Ancillary Services, Energy Storage, Source portfolio management

35
Q

Base or Peak Loading

A

water availability, turbine efficiency, spinning reserve, supplemental reserve

36
Q

Ancillary Services

A

voltage control, frequency control

37
Q

Energy Storage

A

(Pumped Storage)

38
Q

Impacts of Generation (Fish)

A

Downstream fish passage (mortality and injury, disorientation, fish friendly turbines)

39
Q

Impacts of Generation (Downstream Water)

A

Alteration of hydrologic regime (flow patterns extremes reduced, channel morphology, ecosystem), Water Quality (Temp, dissoved gasses)

40
Q

Impacts Upstream & in Reservoir

A

submerged vegetation and greenhouse gas emission, human displacement,

41
Q

Impacts Downstream

A

hydrologic regime, water quality, floodplain development, waterborne diseases

CEE207A (Chad's): Energy Resources (12 decks)

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