Hydropower

Question 2

Hydropower Features/Drivers (8)

Answer 2

renewable, efficient, no ff, mature tech, low variable costs, long economic life, energy storage, ancillary services

Question 3

Hydropower Limitations (5)

Answer 3

not fully dispatchable, limiting and constrained siting, high transmission costs, not fully standardized, significant impacts

Question 4

Hydropower Barriers

Answer 4

Environmental damage, startup difficulties, “clean” energy?, population disruption, RPS policies differ state to state, site specific

Question 5

Hydropower Trends

Answer 5

dominate large scale e generator, stagnant in US, growing economies, less financial support than previous yrs due to enviro impacts

Question 6

Power of Flowing water (equation)

Answer 6

specific weight * Vflow rate * energy head (z + p/y + v^2/2g)

Question 7

Hydrologic Cycle

Answer 7

Driven by wind. Precip at higher elevations flows down. Net Evap = Net Precip

Question 8

3 ways to extract energy from flowing water

Answer 8

pressure, velocity, height (z provides greatest range/management oppportunities)

Question 9

Hydropower History

Answer 9

< 2000 BCE, mill wheels. 16th century was predom water. US: 1880s started combining w/ elec

Question 10

US Hydropower History

Answer 10

1940: 40% e generation, 2011: 8.7% e generation, late 20th century: hydrokinetic energy

Question 11

2000s US/Global generating capacity

Answer 11

22% of global generating Capacity is hydro, 19% of global energy Production is hydro, 10% of US generating Capacity is Hydro

Question 12

Installed Capacity by Global Region

Answer 12

North America > Asia & Oceania > Europe > CA SA

Question 13

Production Capacity by GlobalRegion

Answer 13

Asia & Oceana,

Question 14

Top Producers of Hydropower

Answer 14

USA > China > Canada

Question 15

Top Consumers (>90% Source) of Hydropower

Answer 15

Burundi, Congo,, Lesotho, Rwanda

Question 16

US Hydro Generating Capacity by Region

Answer 16

Pacific (> 50%)

Question 17

Hydraulic Terminology (4)

Answer 17

Headwater, Gross head, tailwater, net head

Question 18

Hydroelectric Facilities (2)

Answer 18

Conventional, Hydrokinetic

Question 19

Conventional (3 descriptors)

Answer 19

capacity (ordinary, mini, micro); head (low, medium, high); configuration

Question 20

Conventional Configurations (3)

Answer 20

run-of river, storage and pumped-storage, hydrokinetic

Question 21

Hydrokinetic (4)

Answer 21

Ocean (wave, tidal, current), Ambient Flow

Question 22

Run-of-River Facilities (2)

Answer 22

without pondage (niagra), with pondage (ice harbor)

Question 23

Storage Facility

Answer 23

large structure (built dam, shasta dam). Ability to timeshift (associated supply with demand)

Question 24

Pump Storage Facility

Answer 24

depend on 2 reservoirs. When energy is cheap, buy energy, pump from low to high. When energy is exp, sell energy, spin from high to low

Question 25

Components of Conventional HP facilities (4)

Answer 25

Water source, Penstock, Powerhouse, Tailwater/Tailrace

Question 26

Water Source

Answer 26

Reservoir, pool, headwater

Question 27

Penstock

Answer 27

delivers water from source to powerhouse, sometimes includes surge chamber

Question 28

Turbines (def)

Answer 28

Dynamic force on runner through change in momentum of flowing water creates rotational motion

Question 29

3 Turbine Types

Answer 29

Impulse Turbine, Reaction Turbine, Free-Flow turbines (windmill analogs)

Question 30

Impulse

Answer 30

Jet turing a wheel: pelton wheel ,head converted to knetic energy through jet, atmopsheric pressure

Question 31

Reaction

Answer 31

.pressurized, pressure drop along with kinetic energy. Common components (scroll/spiral case, wicket gates, runner, draft tube). Francis turbines, Axial flow turbines

Question 32

Turbine selection

Answer 32

optimal head vs flowrate. Impulse (high h, low Q). Axial (low h, high Q). Francis are inbetween

Question 33

Turbine efficiency

Answer 33

Hill curve (insensitive to h, sensitive to Q)

Question 34

Hydropower Operations

Answer 34

Base or Peak Loading, Ancillary Services, Energy Storage, Source portfolio management

Question 35

Base or Peak Loading

Answer 35

water availability, turbine efficiency, spinning reserve, supplemental reserve

Question 36

Ancillary Services

Answer 36

voltage control, frequency control

Question 37

Energy Storage

Answer 37

(Pumped Storage)

Question 38

Impacts of Generation (Fish)

Answer 38

Downstream fish passage (mortality and injury, disorientation, fish friendly turbines)

Question 39

Impacts of Generation (Downstream Water)

Answer 39

Alteration of hydrologic regime (flow patterns extremes reduced, channel morphology, ecosystem), Water Quality (Temp, dissoved gasses)

Question 40

Impacts Upstream & in Reservoir

Answer 40

submerged vegetation and greenhouse gas emission, human displacement,

Question 41

Impacts Downstream

Answer 41

hydrologic regime, water quality, floodplain development, waterborne diseases