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CEE207A (Chad's): Energy Resources > Biomass > Flashcards

Biomass Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of Biomass

A

Traditional, Commercial, Biofuels. Biomass is Semi-Renewable

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2
Q

Traditional

A

collecting wood, animal dung, source of energy for 3 billion people

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3
Q

Commercial

A

electricity and industrial heat, also used by residential and commercial

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4
Q

Biofuels

A

used as a replacement for petroleum for transportation

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5
Q

Solar Energy Capture efficiency of Biomass

A

1 percent%

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6
Q

World Energy Supply from Biomass

A

10%, difficult to measure b/c non-commercial

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7
Q

Efficiency and Enviro Impacts of Biomass use

A

low efficiency + high cost to health and wallet, technology and policies can help

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8
Q

Why is Biomass Important? (3)

A

available, easty to store, 3/4 of biomass production is consumed in developing countries

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9
Q

Biomass Direct Burning/Combustion in LDCs #

A

Indoor air pollution causes mortality and morbidity

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10
Q

Wood and Wood Wastes

A

half of annual worldwide forest harvest is for energy,

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11
Q

3 Categories of Wood Fuel

A

Fuelwood and Wood Residue (81%), Charcoal (7%, 2x as energy dense), Black Liquor (12%, onsite use for heat and process steam)

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12
Q

Fuelwood Plantations

A

3-5yr rotation, Deforestation water use and competition w/crops are key social costs.

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13
Q

Bagasse

A

residue from sugar cane processing (10% of worldwide biomass). 10% of WW power generation (40GW) is from bagasse

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14
Q

Commercial-scale manure digesters

A

Covered Lagoon, Horizontal Plug flow, Mixed Flow. 1 cow per 100 W

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15
Q

MSW (4)

A

municipal solid waste = garbage. 4.4 lbs of material with 1.5 lbs recycled per day per person. 2000 lbs garbage = 500 lbs coal. Only 3 GW potential

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16
Q

2 methods of waste-to-energy conversion

A

allie says burn gas or burning waste. THATS IT

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17
Q

Landfill Gas

A

50% methane, 45% CO2, potent source of CH4 emissions, US>China>Russia

18
Q

Current US Landfill Gas

A

combined and canditate capacity is 3 GW

19
Q

Waste Gasification instead of Incineration

A

pyrolysis or gasification. Cleaner than incineration or landfills, no methane leakage

20
Q

Aquatic Biomass

A

Seaweed (no land/irrigation, subject to wave damge), Algae (no land/irrigation,

21
Q

Peat

A

not renewable / not fossil, high moisture (35%), 6000 Btu/lb

22
Q

Biofuel Carbon Cycle

A

biomass contributes less to GHG than do fossil fuels

23
Q

Private cost of Biofuels

A

feedstock type, conversion type (fermentation, esterification, pyrolysis), fuel type

24
Q

Cost of Biofuels compared to Oil

A

biofuels are cost competitive (compared to $20 - $70 / bbl)

25
Q

Characteristics of Methanol/Ethanol

A

High octane, corrosize (due to polarity), subjective to hydration (combines with H20) which makes storage difficult

26
Q

Ethanol is made from

A

crops high in starch or sugars like corn/sugar cane

27
Q

Methanol made from

A

nat gas or coal, can be made from wood

28
Q

Global Ethanol Production

A

US/Brazil Dominate

29
Q

2 pathways of Ethanoly production

A

corn -> amylase -> glucose -> yeast -> Ethanol /// Biomass -> enzymes/sulfuric acid -> five/six carbon sugars -> genetically engineered bacteria -> ethanol

30
Q

Sugarcane vs cellulosic

A

higher yield / acre, 1/3 less of energy used to sugarcane / Btu

31
Q

Basic ethanol fermentation (wet vs dry milling)

A

wet milling (steeped in water to extract other products, then grind), dry milling (grind first, then soak).

32
Q

Cellulosic Biofuels

A

Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin. Yields 3x as high as conventional ethanol production

33
Q

Advanced Biotech or Gasification

A

could increase ethanol yield from 35% to 80%

34
Q

Biodiesel

A

transesterification, soybean oil and yellow grease

35
Q

Biodiesel Variants

A

B20 can be used without modification, biodiesel burns cleaner than normal diesel

36
Q

Making Biodiesel

A

taxes, tax credits, legality, vegetable of fuel

37
Q

Biofuel Drivers

A

Supply, Infrastructure, energy independence. Cost, low emissions

38
Q

Biofuel Barriers

A

net energy loss, transportation, food prices,

39
Q

US Biofuel Incentrives

A

VEETC, SETC, stimulus bill

40
Q

Biomass Drivers

A

Abundant Supply, Reduced waste, rps compliance, clean energy, energy security

41
Q

Biomass Barriers

A

carbon emitting radiation processes, indoor air pollution, operating costs, transportation costs, air pollution from ethanol, diversion from food supply

42
Q

Biomass Trends

A

much more used than solar/geothermal, high oil prices leads to biofuels, ethanol is growing, land use requiremennt are high, cellulosic biomass on rise, developing world

CEE207A (Chad's): Energy Resources (12 decks)

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