Electricity

Question 1

Elec: Global/US Generation (losses?)

Answer 1

41/42% Coal, 21/25% Nat Gas. Heavy conversion losses (25% in US)

Question 1

Elec: Steam Turbine (eff, startup, pros, cons)

Answer 1

30-40%, slow, well establish, cooling water

Question 1

Elec: IGCC Drivers vs Barriers

Answer 1

Higher eff + enviro benefits, cost increase

Question 1

Elec Environmental Issues (T & D) (5)

Answer 1

Hazards, Aesthetic, Wildlife, EMF, Chemicals

Question 2

Elec: Global/US use

Answer 2

35% of total, 40% of total

Question 2

Elec: P V I R (5)

Answer 2

Charge, Current, Voltage, Resistance, Power. P(loss) = IV, V = IR

Question 2

Elec: Gas Turbine (eff, startup, pros, cons)

Answer 2

30%, fast, simple operation no cooling water, high cost per kWh

Question 2

Elec: Combined Cycle (eff, startup, pros, cons)

Answer 2

> 50%, medium, low emissions,

Question 2

Elec: Retail Rates

Answer 2

PP Capacity - Input Energy = LCOE. Retail ($/kWh). Wholesale ($/MWh).

Question 2

Elec: Baseload vs Peak Power

Answer 2

Baseload (High capital, low variable, nuclear). Peak (lower capital, higher variable, nat gas)

Question 2

Elec: Distributed Gen Barriers/Drivers

Answer 2

Bar: lower eff, not mainstream, safety, resistance from PG&E, interconnection. Dri: avoid losses, modularity, tech advances

Question 2

Elec: Ancillary Systems

Answer 2

Replacement, Spinning, Non-spinning, Regulation

Question 3

Elec: References for kW MW GW TW

Answer 3

1 home, 560MW pp, peak summer CA demand 50-55, global use 15TW

Question 3

Elec: Cogeneration eff

Answer 3

Separate HP (47%). CHP (85%). CHPC (90%)

Question 3

Elec: Factors that Influence Value (6), cost (1)

Answer 3

Time Scale, Dispatchability, Variability, Reliability, Timing, Location. Cost - FF cost

Question 3

Elec: Federal Oversight Organizations

Answer 3

FERC > NERC > RTO > ISO > IOU POU

Question 4

Elec: Emerging PP technologies (3)

Answer 4

AFBC, PFBC, IGCC

Question 4

Elec: Environmental Issues (Generation)

Answer 4

GHGs. Air Poll, Thermal Poll, Water use, solid waste (so many)

Question 4

Elec: NERC Regions

Answer 4

Western, Eastern, Ercot (Interconnection)

Question 5

Elec: 1 kW = ? Btu/hr

Answer 5

1 kW = 3412 Btu/Hr

Question 5

Elec: Generator

Answer 5

spinning a coil through a magnetic field (mechanical to electrical)

Question 5

Elec: The Grid (6)

Answer 5

Central PP, transmission substation, transmission lines, distribution substation, distribution lines, residence

Question 5

Elec: Storage (benefits)

Answer 5

arbitrage, security, renewables,

Question 6

Elec: Transmission/ Distribution substations

Answer 6

(T) Higher voltages means less current for same amt of power (765kV). (D) elec is stepped down (4kV). House (0.1 kV)

Question 6

Elec: Storage (current)

Answer 6

110,00 MW in pumped hydro

Question 7

Elec: Heat Rate, Efficiency

Answer 7

HR = inputs/outputs. Eff = 3412/HR(btu/kWh).

Question 7

Elec: Capacity Factor, Load Factor

Answer 7

CF = Generation/Max Generation. LF = Energy Consumed/Energy @peak demand

Question 7

Elec: Transformer Losses

Answer 7

majority of losses. (I^2R losses)

Question 7

Elec: IOU vs POU

Answer 7

IOU (57%) - can be vertically integrated (GTD), restructured (TD), or LDC (storage).

Question 8

Elec: DC vs AC

Answer 8

DC - losses at low volts, less expensive over long distance needs an inverter to work with AC. AC- 3 lines.

Question 8

Elec: Restructuring

Answer 8

moving away from vertical integration

Question 9

Elec: Rankine, Brayton, CC

Answer 9

Rankine (Steam Turbine), Brayton (Gas Turbine), Combined (Both)

Question 9

Elec: Power Production in US

Answer 9

60% by Utilities, 32% by Indep.

Question 10

Elec: Retail Rate Structures (4)

Answer 10

Fixed, Tiered, Time-Differentiated, Net Metering

Question 11

Elec: PG&E Bill

Answer 11

T (5%), D (35%), G (46%)