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Envi sci > hydrology > Flashcards

hydrology Flashcards

1
Q

are formed when
raindrops are carried
upward by thunderstorm
updrafts into extremely cold
areas of the atmosphere
and freeze.

A

Hail

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2
Q

is a liquid precipitation
falling from the sky. Rain
occurs when air rises into the
upper atmosphere and cools.
The cool temperatures cause
water vapor to condense into
water droplets, which fall
from the clouds as rain.

A

Rain

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3
Q

is like a mix of rain and snow, it starts as a snowflake but melts into raindrops as it falls through a layer of warm air

A

Sleet

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4
Q

is precipitation
that forms when water
vapor freezes. It is ice
crystals that form in the
cold clouds.

A

Snow

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5
Q

Rapid upward movement of warm
air causes short, intense rainfall,
often with thunderstorms or hail.

A

Convective Storms

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6
Q

Moist air rises over mountains, leading
to heavy rain on the windward side and
drier conditions on the leeward side

A

Orographic Storms

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7
Q

Large low-pressure systems bring
widespread, prolonged rainfall

A

Cyclonic Storms

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8
Q

Intense storms over warm oceans
produce heavy rain, strong winds, and
storm surges

A

Hurricanes or Tropical Cyclones

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9
Q

Liquid water drops

A

rain

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10
Q

ice crystals

A

snow

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11
Q

small ice pelletes

A

sleet

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12
Q

large ice balls

A

hail

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13
Q

rain that turns to ice on surface

A

freezing rain

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14
Q

light, tiny water drops

A

drizzle

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15
Q

soft ice balls formed on snowflakes

A

graupel

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16
Q

How much water
has fallen over a
period of time.

A

depth

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17
Q

Refers to the length
of time rainfall
occurs

A

duration

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18
Q

Ratio of the total
amount of rain falling
during a period of time

A

intensity

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19
Q

Graphical representation
between rainfall intensity
and time

A

hyetography

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20
Q
  • Also known as Station Rainfall
    it refers to the rainfall data of a station
  • Daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal, or annual rainfall
A

point rainfall

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21
Q

Rainfall is expressed in terms of
the _______ to which rainwater
would stand on an area, if all the
rain were collected on it.

A

depth

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22
Q

what to plant in certain areas, where and when to plant, when
to harvest

A

agriculture

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23
Q

how and when to irrigate

A

horticulture/viticulture

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24
Q

design drainage systems and prevent water-related issues in
buildings

A

engineering

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25
Q

An instrument to measure rainfall rate in a certain
period of time. It catches and represents the
precipitation falling on a respective surrounding
area.

A

rain gauge

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26
Q

This type of rain gauge is an ordinary rain gauge

A

non-recording

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27
Q

This type of rain gauge gives automatic rainfall records
without any bottle reading.

A

recording

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28
Q

WEIGHING BUCKET TYPE
TIPPING BUCKET TYPE
FLOATING TYPE

A

recording rain gauge

29
Q

availability of continuous record of previous rainfall

A

continuity

30
Q

rainfall data of previous year should be consistent with the
present environmental condition.

A

consistency

31
Q

If the normal precipitation at each of the
selected stations is within 10% of that station with
missing data.

A

arithmetic-mean method

32
Q

If the normal precipitation/rainfall at any of the
selected stations is more than 10% of that station with
missing records. Consists of weighing the precipitation at
the various stations by the ratios of normal annual
precipitations.

A

normal ratio method

33
Q

calculated by taking an
average of the values that are
obtained from several
observation points or stations
within the region.

A

arithmetical-mean method

34
Q

method
assigns weightage to stations
based on proximity, superior to
the arithmetic-mean method.
It’s effective for outside
catchment stations and easy to
calculate for fixed networks.

A

thiessen-mean method

35
Q

entails
drawing isohyets derived from
precipitation data of different
stations and then taking an
average precipitation by
integrating over the areas
which correspond to these
lines

A

isohyetal method

36
Q

A test for consistency of record or for rain gauge
inconsistency.

A

double-mass analysis

37
Q

The process by which water in the
ground surface enters the soil

Depending on how saturated the
ground is, the water can continue
downwards to replenish water tables
and aquifers

A

infiltration

38
Q

Infiltration is dependent on the condition of the land surface
(cracked, crusted, compacted etc.)

A

surface entry

39
Q

Infiltration rates are greatly influenced by
factors like temperature, wind,
freezing/thawing cycles, soil moisture
condition, seasonal fluctuations, and the
intensity and duration of rainfall.

A

climate and weather condition

40
Q

The amount and rate of water movement through the soil are
determined by the size and arrangement of soil particles.

A

soil texture and structure

41
Q

Sand:
Silt:
Clay:

A

high infiltration rate
moderate infiltration rate
low infiltration rate

42
Q

Saturated soils exhibit higher water content, preventing
infiltration and can even increase surface runoff and erosion

A

soil saturation

43
Q

Steeper slopes generally experience faster
runoff and reduced infiltration rates, as water
moves downslope quickly. On the other
hand, soft slopes allow greater infiltration
rates because they make it easier for water
to disperse and seep into the soil.

A

slope of the land

44
Q
  • Roads and concrete pavements produce
    an impermeable layer that prevents
    infiltration.
  • Decreasing vegetation due to farming,
    tree-cutting, and animal grazing will lower
    permeability.
A

human activities

45
Q

Increased evapotranspiration rates have the
potential to lower soil moisture content, which can
accelerate infiltration rates because drier soils
initially take up water more easily. Lower
evapotranspiration rates can cause a lower
infiltration rate because of decreased pore space
availability and possible surface sealing.

A

evapotranspiration

46
Q

Measure infiltration over a large area

Provides understanding of infiltration
variability of the area

Used in agricultural assessments and
hydrological studies

A

areal measurement

47
Q

Measure infiltration of a specific point
in the soil

Easy to perform

Used in site-specific studies

A

Point Measurement

48
Q
  • the speed at which water enters the soil
A

infiltration rate

49
Q
  • device used to measure the water infiltration into the soil
A

infiltrometer

50
Q

uses a single ring driven in the
ground where water is poured
at a certain depth. The
decrease in water over time
reflects the infiltration rate

A

single ring infiltrometer

51
Q

uses two concentric rings into
the ground. The inner ring is
driven into the ground and an
outer ring follows to help the
flow of water

A

double ring infiltrometer

52
Q

capacity decreases with
time and ultimately reaches
a constant rate

A

horton’s equation

53
Q

an alternative approach to developing a more approximate physical theory that has an exact analytical solution.

A

green-ampt model

54
Q
  1. The soil under consideration is homogenous and stable,
    implying that macropores and preferential migration
    pathways should not be considered.

2.The supply of ponded water at the surface is not limited.

  1. A distinct and precisely definable wetting front exists, and
    as water continues to infiltrates, the wetting front
    advances at the same rate with depth
  2. The capillary suction just below the wetting front is
    uniform throughout the profile and constant in time
    during the infiltration event.
  3. The soil is uniformly saturated above the wetting front,
    and the volumetric water contents remain constant
    above and below the advancing wetting front
A

five principal assumptions of G-A Method

55
Q

Case 1: i<Kₛ
The rainfall intensity is
less than the maximum
downward hydraulic
conductivity

Case 2: Kₛ< i < f
The rainfall intensity is
greater than the saturated
hydraulic conductivity but
less than the infiltration rate

Case 3: i > f
The rainfall intensity is
greater than the
infiltration rate and
runoff can occur

A

3 cases of g-a model

56
Q

is the
amount of time that has passed from the
start of rainfall to the occurrence of ponds in
the observed area. _____ is usually utilized to determine the intensity of rainfall.

A

ponding time

57
Q

principles behind the flow in open channels

A

leonardo da vinci

58
Q

rainfall is the only source of water for rivers and springs in 15th century

A

bernard palissy

59
Q

water came from precipitation

A

aristotle

60
Q

who came up with water cycle

A

leonardo da vinci and bernard palissy

61
Q

pioneers of modern hydrology

A

a. pierre perrault
b. marriot
c. hally

62
Q

water balance equation and catchment area method

A

pierre perrault

63
Q

first to measure evaporation in mediterranian

A

marriot

64
Q

the study of origin, circulation, and distribution of water

A

scientific hydrology or simply hydrology

65
Q

engineering application

A

applied or engineering hydrology

66
Q

occurrence and distribution of water in surface

A

surface water hydrology

67
Q

occurrence and distribution of water beneath the surface

A

groundwater hydrology

68
Q

essential tool for planning of hydraulic structures such as dams

A

hydrology

Envi sci (4 decks)

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