Chap 3

Question 1

are nutrient circuits involving both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems

Answer 1

material or biogeochemical cycles

Question 2

carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen have gaseous forms, thus their cycles are ____ in character and the _____ serves aas a reservior

Answer 2

global, atmosphere

Question 3

elements like phosphorous, potassium, calcium, and trace elements have ____ as their reseervior

Answer 3

soil

Question 4

movement of water around, over, and through the Earth is called the ______ also known as the______

Answer 4

hydrologic cycle, water cycle

Question 5

Hydrologic Cycle

is the condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth’s surface.

Answer 5

precipitation

Question 6

is the precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and eventually evaporated back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground

Answer 6

canopy interception

Question 7

includes the variety of ways which water moves across the land. this includes both ______ and ______

Answer 7

runoff, surface and channel runoff

Question 8

is the flow of water from the surface into the ground. Once done, the water becomes _______ or _______

Answer 8

infiltration, soil moisture, groundwater

Question 9

is the flow of water underground, in vadose zone and aquifers. It may return to the ssurface or eventually seep into ocean.

Answer 9

Subsurface flow

Question 10

is the transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlaying atmosphere. Its source is primarily ______

Answer 10

Evaporation, solar radiation

Question 11

90% from _____ and 10% from ______

Answer 11

evaporation, transpiration

Question 12

is the state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor

Answer 12

sublimation

Question 13

is the movement of water–in solid, liquid, or vapor states–through the atmosphere.

Answer 13

Advection

Question 14

is the transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, producing ____ and _____

Answer 14

condensation, clouds, fog

Question 15

Ways by which human activities affect the water cycle

Answer 15

Withdrawal of large quantities
Clearing of vegetation
Reduced infiltration
Addition of Nutrients

Question 16

Life’s chemical backbone

Answer 16

Carbon (Carbon Cycle)

Question 17

biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compound in nature

Answer 17

Nitrogen Cycle

Question 18

Nitrogen Gas

Answer 18

-stable gas
-strong triple covalent bond
not readily available

Question 19

Enumerate the nitrogen cycle

Answer 19

1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Nitrification
3. Assimilation
4. Ammonification
5. Denitrification

Question 20

enumerate the nitrogen fixation

Answer 20

1. biological fixation
2. lightning
3. Industrial N-fixation
4. combustion of fossil fuels

Question 21

some symbiotic bacteria and some free-living bacteria are able to fix nitrogen and assimilate it as organic nitrogen

Answer 21

biological fixation

Question 22

in the Haber-Bosch process, N2 is converted together with hydrogen gas into ammonia fertilizer and explosive

Answer 22

Industrial N-fixation

Question 23

a conversion of ammonia to nitrates performed primarily by soil-living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria.

Answer 23

Nitrification

Question 24

_____ converts ammonia to nitrites

_____ converts nitrites to nitrate

Answer 24

Nitrosomonas
Nitrobacter

Question 25

plants can absorb nitrate or ammonium ions from the soil via their root hairs. If nitrate is absorbed, it is first reduced to nitrate ions and then ammonium ions for incorporation into amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll

Answer 25

Assimilation

Question 26

Amino Acid for _____
Nucleic acid for _____

Answer 26

Protein
DNA

Question 27

when a plant or animal dies, the initial form or nitrogen is organic. Bacteria converts the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonia, a process called _____ or _____

Answer 27

Ammonification or mineralzation

Question 28

the reduction of nitrites back into the largely inert nitrogen gas, completing the nitrogen cycle

Answer 28

Denitrification

Question 29

circulates through water, the earth’s crust, and living organisms.

Answer 29

Phosphorus, Phosphorus cycle

Question 30

the most common form of phosphorous used by biological organisms is ______

Answer 30

phosphate