Hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Plankton died and fell onto the sea floor.
The dead plankton were covered in mud
Over millions of years, more and more sediment built up. The enormous heat and pressure turned the dead plankton into oil and gas.
Today we drill down through rock to reach the oil and bring it up the the surface.

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What are the differences between shorter and longer alkanes?

A
Longer alkanes are:
Have higher boiling points
More viscous
Are harder to ignite
Burn with a smoky flame
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4
Q

What are the two types of cracking and how to they work?

A

Catalytic cracking - heat the alkanes to vaporise them and then pass them over a hot catalyst
Steam cracking - heat the alkanes to vaporise them, mix them with steam and then heat them to very high temperature

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5
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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6
Q

Define the term “unsaturated”

A

A molecule that contains one or more double bonds

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7
Q

How do you turn an alkene into an alkane?

A

Alkenes react with hyddrogen at 150C in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form alkanes. This is called hyddrogenation

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8
Q

What happens when alkenes react with steam?

A

At high pressure and temperature in the presence of concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst, they react with steam to form Alcohols. This is called hydration

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9
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

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10
Q

How is ethanol made by fermentation?

A
  • sugars are dissolved in water
  • yeast is added
  • the mixture is kept in a warm place at about 30C
  • air is kept out of the mixture
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11
Q

What happens when alcohols oxidise?

A

They form carboxylic acids

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12
Q

What happens when alcohols react with carboxylic acids?

A

They form esters

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13
Q

What happens when alcohols react with sodium?

A

Hydrogen gas is produced

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14
Q

Do alcohols react with water?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

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16
Q

Are carboxylic acids weak or strong?

A

Carboxylic acids are weak

17
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

Acids react with carbonates to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water

18
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-