Hydroalcoholic Solutions (Exam 2) Flashcards
Elixir
clear, sweetened flavored hydroalcoholic solutions
oral use
advantages of elixirs
flexibility of doses
easy of dosage administration
disadvantages of elixirs
high concentration of alcohol
not suitable with drugs with Antabuse activity
drugs can cause drowsiness
elixirs when compared to syrups
have more alcohol
less sweet and viscous
more stable
easy to prepare
can maintain water soluble and alcohol soluble components
solvents for elixirs
water
alcohol
glycerin
propylene glycol
each elixir requires a specific blend of ____________ to maintain all components
alcohol and water
sweeteners in elixirs
sucrose
sorbitol
glycerin
propylene glycol
artificial sweetners
when elixirs contain propylene glycol as the sweetener,
there is low alcoholic content
when elixirs contain artificial sweeteners as the sweetener,
there is high alcoholic content
elixirs are _____________ because they contain more than _______ of alcohol
self-preserving
12%
non-mediated elixirs
pleasant tasting vehicles
diluents for medicated elixirs
all components of an elixir should be
chemically and physically compatible
digoxin elixir
insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol
not interchangeable with solid dose forms
generally for children
how are elixirs prepared?
simple solution with agitation
admixture 2 or more liquid ingredients
when mixing 2 or more liquid ingredients with alcohol soluble and water soluble components, the aqueous solution should be ______________
why?
added to the alcoholic solution
to maintain the highest possible alcohol strength
after preparing an elixir, the final product can be _______ due to ______________
cloudy
seperation of flavoring oils
why are elixirs permitted to stand for a few hours?
permit oil particles to coalesce
elixirs have to be
filtered via talc to absorb excessive oil
storage of elixirs
tight, light resistant containers
protected from excessive heat
tinctures
alcoholic extract or solution of a non-volatile substance
tinctures have an ethanol percentage of
40-60% (up to 90%)
cosolvents in tinctures
vinegar
glycerol
ether
propylene glycol
preparation of tincture
simple solution
extraction
extraction
withdrawal of desired compounds from plant material by the use of selected solvents in which the desired compounds are soluble
percolation
slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column
maceration
crude drug is permitted to soak in the menstruum until the soluble components are dissolved
when in maceration the most efficient method of extraction?
for drugs containing little or no cellular material
tinctures cannot be mixed with
liquids too diverse in solvent character
Laudanum (Opium tincture) contains _________________ more morphine than Paregoric (camphorated tincture of opium)
25 times
how are tinctures ingested?
adding drops to a glass of water
general dosage of tinctures for children
5-10 drops
general dosage of tinctures for adults
10-40 drops
spirits
alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solutions of aromatic or volatile substances
alcoholic concentration of spirits
over 60%
spirits are mixed with
water to form a milky preperation
spirits are used as
flavoring agents
preparation of aromatic drugs
methods of administration for spirits
orally
topically
inhalation
methods of preparation for spirits
simple solution
maceration
distillation
storage of tinctures and spirits
tightly stoppered
not exposed to heat or sunlight
stored in a light resistant container
ancillary label for topical solutions
for external use only
topical solutions can contain a _________ to define the application area
dye
packaging of topical solutions
glass/plastic bottles with applicator tip
plastic squeeze bottles
delivers meds in drops
purpose of astrigent
to dry (for dermatologic solutions, lotions, etc.)
calcium hydroxide topical solution (limewater)
saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 in water
Ca(OH)2 is less soluble in hot water than cold
only the supernatant should be used
coal tar topical solution (LCD) components
20% coal tar
5% Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) surfactant
how to prepare LCD
maceration (soak coal tar in alcohol)
dilute LCD with _____________ of water
9 volumes
Lugol’s solution uses
antiseptic and disinfectant
emergency disinfectant of drinking water
replenish iodine deficiency
emergency source of iodide to block radioactive iodine uptake
If there is a 5% Lugol’s solution, there is
5% (w/v) iodine and 10% (w/v) potassium iodide
since iodide has very low aqueous solubility, what is done?
potassium iodide is added to increase solubility
hydrogen peroxide topical solution
local anti-infective
wounds cleanser
Peridex 4%
oral rinse
forms yellow-brown stains on teeth
Pivodone Iodine Topical Solutions 10% (betadine)
antiseptic solution
Thimerosal Tincture (50% alcohol)
antibacterial agent
preservative
light sensitive
Iodine tincture
topical
local anti-infective agent
Compound benzoin tincture (Swedish balsam)
protectant of the skin
inhalant of bronchitis
vehicle for podophyllum
aromatic waters
aqueous solutions saturated with aromatic or volatile compounds
perfuming, flavoring
diluted acids
aqueous solutions prepared by diluting the concentrated acids with purified water
