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Immunology > Humoral Immunity > Flashcards

Humoral Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Ag bind on what in B cells?

A

Hypervariable regin or paratope or idiotype

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2
Q

What is the chemical difference of CH (Constent regions of heavy chain )

A

Chemical: change in amino acid

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3
Q

What is the chemical component of Abs or immunoglobulins ?

A

Gamma globulins in all blood fluids

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4
Q

What is the function of humoral response ?

A

Eliminate of extracellural microbe and their toxins

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5
Q

Abs are formed of 4_______

A

polypeptide

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6
Q

Abs is a Y shape monomer differentiate into to 2 identical H and L chain , name their domains

A

H chain consist of 4 domains each chain :
1 VH and 3 CH
——————-
L chain contains 2 domains each chain :
1 VL , 1 CL

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7
Q

What are the 3 fragments of Abs?

A

There are 3 fragments
2 FAB ( fragments ag binding ) also called bivalent

1FC (Fragments crystallizable) function is effector function

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8
Q

Variable region in contain

A

1 VH and 1 VL —-> has hypervariable (idiotype or paratope ) interacts specifically with one epitope ( complementary)

Produced by one specific clone of b cell

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9
Q

Name the constant region of heavy chain and name its function

A

CH1 , CH2 , CH3
Function:
# classify Ab into isotypes
G(gamma)
A(alpha)
M(mu)
E(epsilon)
D(delta)
#Fc (CH 2 , CH3 ONLY)–> biological (effector) example–> binding to Fc R on immune cells
+ complement

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10
Q

A plasma cell secret all kind of Ab , what is the different between lgG of this cell and the lgG of another cell

بمعنى آخر b cell clone 1 and b cell clone 2

A

Variable region

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11
Q

TGF beta
From MQ and DC _____
FROM Treg ______
FROM submucosa _____

A

Th17
inhibitions(more details: block + of MQ and DC —>anti inflammation)
IgA

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12
Q

When we use polysaccharides as vaccine ?

A

I don’t know , but when I do I will say

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13
Q

Direct stimulation of B cell is thymus depending or independing ?

A

Thymus Independing

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14
Q

How b cell is activated?

A

second path : if the Ag was formed from repeating multi same epitope ( t cell independent ) b cell will +directly by cross-linking without interaction of t cell ,this is faster but indeed this is a bad news :(

There is two ways to + B cell according to the Ag it self
# the first path : if the Ag was protein or hapten carrier conjugated, b cell couldn’t stimulate because proteins doesn’t contain more forms of the specific epitope
So b cell will do something interesting, it will internalize (receptor mediate endocytosis and its not a form of phagocytosis ) the epitope and associated with MHC class2 and work as APC .

It will Interact with T helper cell to gane the two signals
1) MHC CLASS 2 bind with TCR and CD4 and Ig alpha and beta will + B cell (first signal)
2) CD40 L on + t cell will bind to CD 40 (2nd single)
T cell will stimulate b cell by producing its cytokines

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15
Q

First Ab produced by plasma cell is

A

Secreted IgM

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16
Q

What is the function of IgD ?

A

It work as BCR and it doesn’t have any functions as secreted IgD , in serum it only 0.2%

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17
Q

Each Ab molecule (monomer or basic unit ) is

A

Y shape

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18
Q

What are the 3 things that prove IgM is the highest weight monomer ?

A

Most efficient in complement and agglutination
Mostly intravascular
Contain 10 Ag binding sites
Pentamer

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19
Q

Who is the cytokine responsible for IgA in submucosa ?

A

TGF-beta

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20
Q

What are the function of secretory component?

A

Play as lgA receptor for lgA Ab
Facilities IgA transport across mucosa
Protect IgA from digestion by enzymes

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21
Q

Name Abs that do neutralization

A

IgG(most effective)
IgM
IgA( in mucosa )

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22
Q

Name IgA chains

A

J chain
Secretory components

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23
Q

Name function of IgA?

A

Neutralization
Prevent there adherence in mucosa
Present in milk ,Protect newborn from infection

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24
Q

Definition of neutralization

A

Prevent microbe and their toxics adherence and preventing them from interning tissues (lgA)

Prevent viruses and extracellular bacteria and their toxins from binding to target cells(lgG)

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25
Q

There are 2 Ab forms , name them and define them too

A

Membrane bound : receptors of Ab
Secreted form : secreted by plasma cell

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26
Q

Name 3 structure on the surface of b cells

A

BCR : lgM , lgD
2 signaling molecules : lg alpha and LG beta
MHC class 2

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27
Q

What is the function of lg alpha and lg beta

A

Transmit intracellular activation signal

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28
Q

Name the function of b lymphocytes

A

A. Responsible for humoral immunity by producing Abs

B. Professional Ag presenting cell –> activate T helper cell

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29
Q

B cell % in blood before being + is ( naive )

A

30 %

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30
Q

The regin that recognize Ag in b cells is

A

Variable region

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31
Q

When Ag interact with b cell it differentiate into to kind , name them

A

Plasma cells
Memory cells

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32
Q

A naive b cell is

A

Dr : without processing

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of Ags that bind to b cells

A

Free ( soluble ) in its native form , which means no processing

Protein, polysaccharides, lipid , DNA Ag

In t cells it should be pressed and protein

No MHC ???

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34
Q

Types of epitope:
1 Ag may have
Different epitopes on the same Ag which case _____

Repeating (identical) epitopes stimulate one b cell clone , e.g ____

A

Simulate different b cell clone

Polysaccharide

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35
Q

The main BCR is

A

Igd

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36
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Dr : لازم تكون اخذتوا الفرق بينهما في الهستولوجي

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37
Q

When b cell receptor bind to Ag epitope and receptor mediate endocytosis occurs, will it process all the Ag or just the epitope specific to it ?

A

Only epitope specific to it

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38
Q

When Ag coat with b cell , the lgd and lgM will inter with antigen
What we call this process?

A

Internalized or receptor mediated endocytosis

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39
Q

Can b cell activate t cell when b cell it self want to be activated ?

A

Yes , at the end it is an APC

40
Q

What is class switch and what does it require?

A

Is the change of amino acid of constent heavy chain which case producing of different Ab with same variable region

It requires 2 signals

1/ CD40 L of + t cell bind to CD40 on b cell
2/ the producing of cytokines from t cell to bind with b cell

Don’t forget lg alpha and beta

41
Q

Mention 3 characteristics about memory cell

A

Remain inactive ( quiescent) for long period
Express surface lgG as it’s Ag receptor
Activate rapidly and quickly upon reexposure of the same Ag

42
Q

Which Ag case no memory cell ?

A

T cell independent ag

43
Q

Why independent b cell produce only lgM

A

Due to absence of cytokines and CD40L activation

44
Q

In 1ry immune response the b cell is ______ and long lag period from __ to __ or ___

A

Naive
5
7
10

45
Q

Low affinity found in

A

First immune response

46
Q

Most abundant ( وفير ) Ab in serum is

A

IgG , 80%

47
Q

Half life of lgG is

A

Long
Dr: 20 to 25 days

48
Q

IgG the the lowest molecules weight , what is the benefit

A

To expand fast in the body

49
Q

IgG bind to ____ on phagocytes and NK cells

A

Fc Gama R

50
Q

Concentration of secerted lgM in serum is

A

5 to 10%

51
Q

The heavy chain of lgM is

A

μ chain

52
Q

Subtypes of lgG

A

G 1 , 2 ,3 ,4

53
Q

Effector function of lgG

A

Opsonization (enhancements of phagocytosis) –> bind to Fc Gama R on MQ and neutrophils –> facilitate intracellular killing

IgG coats with infected cell and tumor cells –> binds to Fc Gama R on NK and phagocytes( who can kill Extracellular )–> release of granular toxic mediator حسب تعبير الكتاب وللمعلومية، ADCC ليست قاتلة

+ complement by classic pathway?

Agglutination or clumping of pathogens

Neutralization (most efficient)
دي هي الوظيفة ل depend FAB

Placental passage by umbilical cord case immunity to fetus and neonates

54
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Ab binds to viruses, Extracellular bacteria and toxins –> prevents their binding to target cell

55
Q

How can lgG cross trophy trophoblast cells ?

A

By Fc gama R on trophoblast membrane

56
Q

Function of lgM

A

+complement classic pathway –> opsonization & cells lysis ???
Most efficient

Agglutination of microbe
Most efficient

Neutralization
Yes

57
Q

If the fetus was infected by microbe from maternal , the b cells of fetus will produce ____ Ab ,
This case is called _____

A

IgM
Intrauterine infection

58
Q

it is the first Ab to be produced in 1st immune response

A

IgM

59
Q

Nk
Cytotoxicity : without IgG Ab _____
“ : with lgG _____

A

Direct Cytotoxicity (innate)
ADCC

60
Q

Eosinophil: killing worms

Cytotoxicity: without Àb _____
With IgG ______

A

Direct Cytotoxicity
ADCC

61
Q

Concentration of lgA in serum

A

10 to 15%

62
Q

IgA is the main Ab secretion in

A

Saliva and tears
Mucus of RT and GIT
Breast milk ( 2ed Ab mother transmit to fetus )

63
Q

Saliva, tears … are synthesized by _____ under effect of ____

A

Submucosal cells
TGF-beta

64
Q

Subtypes of lgA

A

A1 ,A2

65
Q

Secretary IgA is monomer

A

No it is dimer

66
Q

The lowest concentration of Ab in serum is

A

IgE

67
Q

IgE bind to Fc elipsoid R on

A

Mast cells
Basophiles
Eosinophil

68
Q

Function of IgE

A

A. ADCC (Ab dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
IgE coating helminths binds to Fc elipsoide R on eosinophils
→ Releases toxic protein to kill parasite (helminths)
IgE is the main host defense against parasites
B. VD & inflammation in skin and mucosa of RT & GIT
Binds to Fc&R on mast cells & basophil
→ Degranulation & release of histamine
C. Type I hypersensitivity (allergy) In case of excess IgE

69
Q

Ab responsible for opsonization

A

IgG

70
Q

Ab responsible for ADCC

A

IgG,IgE

71
Q

Source of complement protein

A

Liver

72
Q

Site of complement protein is ____&_____ except _____&____

A

Serum
Tissue fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
Urine

73
Q

Complete circulate in inactive form than they’re + in ______

A

Cascade manner

74
Q

What are the importance of complement protein

A

defence against microbe

# removal of immune complex

75
Q

What are the 3 pathways of complement activation

A

Classic pathway
Lectin pathway
Alternative pathway

76
Q

Classical pathway is a shape of _____ immunity
By ______ complex

A

Humoral
Ag-Ab

77
Q

What kind of microbe, lectin pathway deal with and why?

A

Bacteria because MBL bind only with polysaccharides like mannose on Bacteria surface

78
Q

Complement protein and other proteins involved in classical pathway

A

From c1 to c9
No other involved proteins

79
Q

Complement protein and other protein involved in lectin pathway

A

C2 to C9
MBL

80
Q

Complement protein and other protein involved in alternative pathway

A

C3,C5 to C9
Factor B
Factor D
Properdin

81
Q

What are the steps of activating complement protein in classical pathway

A

1/ IgM (most efficient) or lgG bind to Ag surface of microbe

2/ interaction with C1q

3/ C1q + C1r and C1s

4/C1qrs + C4(c4a and c4b) than + C2(c2a and c2b)

5/ c4b coat with c2b forming c4b2b or c3 convertase

C4b coat with c2b which also coat with c3b forming c4b2b3b or c5 convertase

82
Q

Steps of complement activation in lectin pathway

A

1/ MBL bind to mannose(polysaccharides) on bacteria surface

2 / + of 2 associated proteases with MBL :MASP1 and MASP2

3/ MASP1 and MASP2 + c4( c4a and c4b) than + c2( c2a and c2b)

4/ c4b coat with c2b forming c4b2b or c3 convertase

C4b coat with c2b which also coat with c3b forming c4b2b3b or c5 convertase ( c3b is stabilize)

83
Q

Name the steps of activating complement in alternative pathway

A

1/ Spontaneous cleavage of c3( split of c3 without interaction of c3 convertase)

2/ factor b bind c3b and I clevaged by factor d

3/properdin stabilize c3b

4/ formation of c3bBb ( c3 convertase)
And c3bBbc3b ( c5 convertase)

84
Q

Steps of formation of MAC or membrane attack complex

A

1/ c5b binds c6, c7, c8, and multiple Mol. Of c9 (polymerized)

2/ c5b6789 or MAC

85
Q

Entry of water cases by pores called

A

Osmotic swelling

86
Q

MAC is more important in lysis of bacteria with _____ wall like _____

A

Thin cell
Neisseria

87
Q

Mac is less effective in lysis of bacteria with ______ wall and ____ as it can’t be inserted easily

A

Thick cell
Capsule

88
Q

Simulation of inflammation response
Chemotaxis by

A

C5a

IL-8 تعمل كيموتاكسس

89
Q

Anaphylaxis by __,___,____, attach to their receptor on mast cells

A

C3a,c4a,c5a

IgEتعمل نفس ايشي

90
Q

Opsonization by

A

C3b and lgG and acute phase protein

91
Q

Removal of harmful immune complex from body

A

C3b

92
Q

Regulation of complement
Proteins on surface of self-cells

A

A. Increases levels of sialic acid on mammalian cells(host cells): Rapid inactivation of bound C3b on host cells(ic3b)

B. CD59 (Protectin or protection): decreases C9 polymerization during formation of MAC

C. Decay acceleration factor (DAF): Displaces C2b from C4b(حالة نادرة) Or Bb from C3b→ Dissociation of C3 convertas

93
Q

Who dissociate c3 convertase?

A

Decay acceleration factor
DAF

94
Q

Regulation of complement
Serum protein

A

II. Serum proteins
A. C1 inhibitor: Binds C1 →decrease activation of classical pathway-
B. Factor I: Cleaves C3b→ Inactive C3b (iC3b)
C. Factor H: Cofactor in Factor I action →ic3b

95
Q

How MAC lysis microbe

A

3/ MAC pores in target membrane

4/ entry of water

5/ osmotic swelling

6/ lysis of target or cytolysis

Immunology (5 decks)

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