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I And I Final > Humoral Immunity > Flashcards

Humoral Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Antibodies are also called

A

Immunoglobulins

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2
Q

Function of antibodies

A

Opsonization pathogen

Neutralized and eliminate pathogen

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3
Q

Majority of mature B cells reside in

A

Lymphoid follicles of lymph node and spleen

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4
Q

B lymphocyte end goal

A

Antigen recognition and presentation to T cells

Antibody production

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5
Q

When B and T cells interact with antigen they’re called

A

Effector cells

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6
Q

Where are antigens in tissues transported and delivered

A

Transported to blood

Delivered to follicles via lymphatics and conduits

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7
Q

____ captures the antigens and takes them to adjacent follicles in the lymph

A

Macrophages or Dendritic cells

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8
Q

___ do not need to be processed for B cells to recognize them

A

antigens

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9
Q

Where does VDJ recombination happen on immunoglobulin/bcell receptor

A

Fab

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10
Q

First heavy chain of B cells

A

μ

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11
Q

μ means what immunoglobulin is on the surface of B cells

A

IgM

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12
Q

What does the light chain provide

A

κ και λ

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13
Q

B cell receptors can bind to _____ types of antigens

T cell receptors mainly binds to _____

A

All

Peptides

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14
Q

B cells recognize which antigens the best

A

Polly: proteins - best
Pockets: polysaccharides
Nose: Nucleic acids
Lips: lipids
Hair: haptens
And Ass: amino acids - worst

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15
Q

Recognition of antigen by surface BCR triggers _____

A

INTRACELLULAR signaling pathways
Tyrosine kinase
Protein kinase C
Change in gene transcription

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16
Q

What is the first signal for B cells

A

Antigen binding

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17
Q

What is the purpose of having a second signal for B cell activation

A

So if B cell does recognize antigen it only gets activated when it needs to not when it binds to any old antigen

Peripheral tolerance

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18
Q

What has to be activated first before second signal is activated

A

Innate immune response

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19
Q

B cells express ___

A

CD21 aka complement receptor 2 - CR2)

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20
Q

CD21 recognizes

A

Complement proteins during complement activation

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21
Q

CD21 associated with ___ virus

A

Epstein Barr virus

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22
Q

What’s another second signal for B cells

A

PAMPs binding to TLR

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23
Q

When a B cell is activated what’s next

A

Clonal selection
a bunch of B cells made that are specific for the pathogen

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24
Q

Antibody secreting B cell is called a

A

Plasma cell

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25
Q

Why are plasma cells bigger than B cells

A

Because producing tonnnns of antibody’s

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26
Q

Polysaccharide antigens can engage

A

Multiple receptors on B cell

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27
Q

Early phase involves Ig_ and is T- _____

A

M
Independent

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28
Q

Protein antigens

A

Need T cell help

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29
Q

IgM is a ___ lived antibody and ___ affinity Ab

A

Short
Low

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30
Q

T cells get ____ from APC

A

Protein

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31
Q

What does T cell produce during t-dependent B cell activation

A

Cytokines and CD40 ligand

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32
Q

Activated B cells move towards T cells from a ______

A

Chemokine gradient

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33
Q

B cells produce _____ during t dependent B cell activation

A

CD 40

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34
Q

CD40-CD40L interaction stimulates

A

Antigen specific B cell proliferation and differentiation

Heavy chain isotype switching

affinity maturation

Making memory cells

Antibody secretion

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35
Q

T dependent is ideal b/c

A

Memory, isotype switching etc.

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36
Q

For B and T cells to come together both cells need to be

A

Activatec

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37
Q

How is B cell activated by T cells

A

CD40-CD40L interaction

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38
Q

What activates Tcells

A

B7-CD28 interaction

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39
Q

Who presents B7

A

Dendritic cells

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40
Q

Who presents CD28

A

T cells

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41
Q

What does B7-CD28 interaction do

A

Enhances T cell proliferation and differentiation

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42
Q

Where do B cells start making antibodies with low affinity

A

Extrafollicular region

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43
Q

Where does a fully developed humoral immune response occur

A

Germinal center of B cell

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44
Q

Where does all action happen for B cells

A

Germinal center

45
Q

Affinity maturation occurs in

A

Germinal centers of lymphoid follicles

46
Q

___ is a result of somatic hyper mutation of Ig genes in dividing B cells

A

Affinity maturation

47
Q

Low affinity Ab———> high affinity Ab by

A

Somatic mutations

48
Q

With _____ a host will produce antibodies of successively greater affinities

A

Repeated exposures to the same antigen

49
Q

What drives process of low aff Ab to high aff Ab

A

Cytokines

50
Q

What is the OG, initial Ab

A

IgM

51
Q

Switching of Ab ___ = isotype switching

A

HEAVY CHAIN

52
Q

CD40-CD40L is ____ cell ____

A

T

Dependent

53
Q

What 4 things does CD40-CD40L do

A

Isotype switching
High aff Ab
Memory B cells
Long-lived plasma cells

54
Q

Isotype switching occurs in response to

A

CD40-CD40L interaction
AND
Cytokines

55
Q

Cytokine for IgG

A

IFNγ

56
Q

cytokine for IgE

A

IL-4

57
Q

Cytokine for IgA

A

TCF-β

58
Q

Why are there specific Ab

A

Because some are more affective against different pathogens

59
Q

IgG good for

A

NeoNatal immunity

Opsonization + phagocytosis

Complement activation

60
Q

When you think IgG think

A

Gomp, comp, Nomp

Gomp = Opsonization and phagocytosis

Comp = complement activation

Nomp = neonatal immunity

61
Q

IgE good for

A

Against helminths (parasites)

Mast cell degranulation

62
Q

When you see IgE think

A

Eeeeeeew a worm MAST (de)go

Worm = parasite
Mast (de)go = mast cell degranualtion

63
Q

IgA good for

A

Mucosal immunity

64
Q

When you see IgA think

A

AAAAAchoo

Sneezing is from mucosa epithelial

65
Q

AID

A

Activation induced cytosine delaminase

Enzyme for recombination of class switching

66
Q

Key points for class swithcing

A

Recombination involved
Through AID enzyme
Heavy chain is switched

67
Q

What kind of cells do not secrete antibodies and are very long lived

A

Memory cells

68
Q

Antibody isotype for primary immune response

A

IgM>IgG

69
Q

Antibody Isotype for secondary isotype

A

IgG or IgA or IgE

70
Q

T independent antigen

A

Polysaccharides
IgM
Little affinity maturation
Plasma cells are short lived
No memory cells

71
Q

T dependent antigen

A

Proteins
IgG, IgE, IgA
There is affinity maturation
Long lived plasma cells
There are memory cells

72
Q

Antibodies us Fab for

A

Binding and blocking harmful effects of microbes/toxins

73
Q

Antibodies us Fc to

A

Activate diverse effector mechanisms

74
Q

What does it mean that a antibody can be flexible

A

One Ab can bind to two antigens
looks like its doing the splits

75
Q

Affinity vs avidity

A

Aff = 1 interaction

Avidity = sum of interactions

Look up pics if need be

76
Q

What forces does an Ab bind to an antigen

A

Non covalent reversible ones

77
Q

What are the 2 subcategories of Antibodies

A

Direct Ab mediated
And
Complement mediated

78
Q

Direct antibody mediated includes

A

Neutralization of microbes
Opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes
Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity

See pics - humoral immunity - week 8 - slide 50

79
Q

Complement mediated Ab funcitons

A

Lysis of microbes
Complement activation
Inflammation
Phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with complement fragments

80
Q

How does Ab neutralize microbes/toxins

A

1: binds and blocks from entering epithelial barrier

2: binds and blocks microbe from infecting

3: binds and blocks toxin from binding to cellular receptor

81
Q

Describe direct Ab mediated opso. And phago.

A
  1. Ab binds by IgG
  2. Fc finds to phago cell
  3. Fc sends signals to activate phago
  4. Phago eats microbe
  5. Death to microbe
82
Q

Describe antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A
  1. Ab bind to microbe on Fab region
  2. Those Ab Fc regions are recognized by NK cell
  3. The NK cell is activated and now kills

See pic - week 8 - humoral - 54

83
Q

NK 2 receptors are

A

Activation receptors - antibody coated cells
Inhibitory receptors - recognizing MHC I on cells

84
Q

___ region of the Heavy chain determines Ab

A

C

85
Q

IgM can exist as

A

Monomer - found on B cell surface as antigen receptor

pentamer - usually secreated version

86
Q

A pentamer of IgM has

A

5 antibody molecules
10 antigen binding sites per molecule

87
Q

Which Ab activates complement and through what pathway

A

IgM
Classical

88
Q

First complement protein to bind to IgM

A

C1

89
Q

Pentamer of IgM is good for classical pathway bc

A

It offers C1 multiple ways to bind

90
Q

IgG exists as

A

Monomer

91
Q

IgG can easily move to tissue bc

A

Of specialized endothelial receptor

92
Q

IgG functions

A

Longest 1/2 life - cuz associated with memory
Most abundant in blood
Can weakly activate complement classical path
Neutralize
Opsonization
Ab dependent cellular cytotoxicity via NK cells

93
Q

IgG Fc receptor on phagocyte

A

FcγR

94
Q

IgM Fc receptor on phagocyte

A

FcμR

95
Q

IgE Fc receptor on phagocyte

A

FcεR

96
Q

IgA Fc receptor on phagocyte

A

FcαR

97
Q

What Ab can cross placenta

A

IgG

98
Q

The long half-life of IgG is bc of its ability to bind to

A

Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)

99
Q

Which IgG isoforms activate complement system

A

IgG1 and IgG3

Odd bois

100
Q

Why does IgM have a low affinity but a high avidity

A

It naturally has a low aff BUTT combined all those low affinities together with the pentamer structure and it = high avidity

101
Q

IgA exists as

A

Monomer or dimer

102
Q

Monomer IgA function vs dimeric IgA function

A

M = combine with IgM and IgG to protect all tissues reached by the blood

D = protects mucosal surfaces
in breast milk

103
Q

Function of IgE

A

Clear parasites
Involved in allergy and asthma

104
Q

IgE activates eosinophil which

A

Helps kill parasites

105
Q

Where are FcE receptors

A

Mast cells (CT)
Basophils (blood)
Eosinophils (mucosa)

106
Q

What causes sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea

A

IgE
Specifically the cross-linking of receptors leads to release of mediators

It acts on smooth muscle to cause “violent” expulsion of pathogen

107
Q

Binding of ligand to IgD receptor on B cells _____ activation of B cells

A

Does not lead to

108
Q

Which Ab activate classical complement

A

IgM, IgG1 and IgG3

I And I Final (5 decks)

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