humans and the environment review Flashcards
an increase in population could result from increased birth rate, increased _______, or immigration
life expectancy
the _____________is the average number of children each parent must have in order to replace themselves in the population
replacement level
during the _____ stage of demographic transition, the birth rate drops and the size of the population begins to decrease
industrial
the __________and __________revolutions brought about changes that caused exponential growth of the world human population
agricultural
industrial
a shortage of _____________can decrease the food supply available to a growing population
arable land
the study of human population patterns is called ________
demography
the United Nations has designated _________________ countries to be given priority for foreign aid
least developed
one way to stabilize the world population is to reduce ______________ by improving women’s status and education opportunities
birth rates
most demographers predict a ______ population growth rate and a world population of __________ in 2050
neutral
9 billion
a _________________ helps demographers predict which age groups will experience the most growth
population pyramid
type I and type III survivorship curves indicate populations that are growing _______________
slowly or not at all
an adequate supply of fuelwood helps to prevent disease by allowing water to be boiled to ________ it.
sterilize
china has implemented a campaign to reduce birth rates that include __________ rewards for single child families
financial
the theory of demographic transition is based on the idea that industrial development causes ______ and _________ progress that affects population growth rates
social
economic
local water supplies may be contaminated when they are also used for ______ disposal
waste
population on the continent of _______ is expected to shrink by the year 2050
europe
some less-developed countries have tried to move forward in demographic transition by directly reducing _________with advertising and economic incentives
birth rate
the world population will stop growing when fertility rates decline to _____________
replacement rate
during the last 200 years, the human population has undergone _________growth
exponential
the percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age is called ________
survivorship
a population with high fertility will have an age structure with a higher percentage of _______ people
young
countries experiencing the greatest population growth are most likely to be those going through an ____________ revolution
industrial
wealthy, developed countries such as japan and germany are in the fourth, or ______________, stage of demographic transition, when the population size begins to decline
post-industrial
land that is used to graze livestock is known as
ranges
before 1850, most people lived in ______ areas
rural
the movement of people from rural areas to cities is called __________
urbanization
many people move to cities in search of ______
jobs
a land-use planner might use a tool known as _________ to determine where to locate a new mall
GIS
most damage to rangeland comes from ____________
overgrazing
fire stations, roads, and bridges are examples of ___________
infrastructure
in the __________ humans and wildlife live side by side
wilderness
areas that are protected from development and environmental damage are known as ___________ areas
wilderness
moderation of temperature, infiltration of rainwater runoff, and aesthetic value can be provided to urban areas by ______
parks
buses and trains are examples of ________
transportation
one of the most important ecosystem services provided by forests is removing
CO2
in clear-cutting, _____ trees are removed from an area
all
in selective cutting, _____________ trees are removed from an area
medium-size
the environmentally preferred method of harvesting trees is __________
selective
land that is poorly suited for building is considered _______ land
marginal
the first national park in the United States was ________
yellowstone
as opposed to urban land, _____ land contains relatively few people
rural
in the U.S., each person uses the ecosystem services provided by more than ________hectares of land and water
10-15
cities generate and trap ____, causing increased temperatures called heat islands
heat
the opposite of deforestation is _________
reforestation
the negative consequences of harvesting trees using the clear-cutting method are _______ and wildlife habitat destruction
erosion
deforestation is particularly harmful in tropical rain forests because the soil is _____
thin
in the United States, all citizens share ownership of ___________
public land
the most protected public lands are __________ areas
wilderness
in the U.S. any area containing __________ inhabitants is considered urban
25,000- 30,000
developing countries usually lack the ability to protect __________ areas
wilderness
