Human - Urban Environments Flashcards
1
Q
Urbanisation def
A
The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population are living in urban areas
2
Q
Urban settlements differ from rural ones in terms of [4]
A
- Way of life: Faster paced
- Size: Larger
- Density of buildings and people: Higher
- Economy and employment: Secondary, tertiary
3
Q
Reason for increase in urban population between 1950 and 2015 [2]
A
- The decline of industry in developed countries, industry moving overseas to emerging countries
- this lead to industrial growth in emerging countries and pulled people from rural areas
4
Q
What are there high rates of urbanisation in developing countries
A
- Most new economic development is concentrated in the big cities
- Push-Pull factors lead to high rates of rural-urban migration
- Cities are experiencing higher rates of natural increase in population
5
Q
Megacity
A
A city with a population of over 10 million people
6
Q
Urban pull factos
A
- Higher wages
- Pace and excitement
- Improved education and healthcare
- Better job opportunities
- Public utilities
- Government support
7
Q
Rural Push factors [5]
A
- Limited healthcare and education
- Mechanisation fo farming
- Lack of opportunities
- Lack of government support or investment
- Harsh and monotonous lifestyle
8
Q
Urbanisation pathway
A
9
Q
Agglomeration def
A
People and businesses collect in geographically favourable locations
10
Q
Suburbanisation def
A
Where the suburbs on the outer edge of the settlement grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people
11
Q
Counter urbanisation def
A
The movement of people from an urban area into the surrounding reigon
12
Q
Causes of counter urbanisation [5]
A
- Mobility and accessibility
- Increased wealth
- agricultural decline
- Green Belt
- Second homes and early retirement
13
Q
Urban regeneration def
A
Investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing away and rebuilding
14
Q
Factos affecting the rate of urbanisation
A
- Speed of economic development
- Rate of population growth
15
Q
Reasons for growth of cities [4]
A
- Economic development
- Population growth
- Economies of scale
- Multiplier effect
16
Q
World city / Global city def
A
Cities with a special global influence
17
Q
Issues of urbanisation
A
- Congestion
- Transport
- Housing
- Employment
- Crime
- Education
- Environmental issues
18
Q
Issues of urbanisation: Congestion
A
19
Q
Issues of urbanisation: Transport
A
20
Q
Issues of urbanisation: Housing
A
21
Q
Issues of urbanisation: Employment
A
22
Q
Issues of urbanisation: Crime
A
23
Q
Issues of urbanisation: Education
A
24
Q
Issues of urbanisation: Environmental issues
A
25
CBD def
The CBD or Central Business District is the commercial centre of an urban area. It contains the main shops, offices and financial institutions of the urban area.
26
Factors influencing urban landscape [2]
- Value of land
- Location of land
27
Features of the CBD [3]
- Oldest part
- Core of the city
- Concentrated economy
28
Features of the inner city ring [3]
- Older terraced, worker housing
- Older industrial areas
- Areas are centred around transport links and access
29
Features of the suburban ring [3]
- Residential area
- Semi and detached housing with gardens
- Smaller retail premises, facilities for people
30
Features of the urban fringe [3]
- Housing clusters into estates
- Some industrial land use
- Accessibility is best
31
Urban challenges in developed cities: Social
-Social cities and housing
- Poverty and deprivation
- Ethnic segregation
- Quality of life
- Ageing population
- Tourism and crime
32
Urban challenges in developed cities: Economic
- Globalisation
- Food supply
- Transport and traffic
- Energy supply
- Deindustrialisation
- Service provision
33
Urban challenges in developed cities: Environmental
- Pollution and waste disposal
- Sustainability
- Ecological footprint
- energy, land, water
- Hazard risk
- Green Space
34
World city case study: Hong Kong
35
Informal settlements def
A settlement in which land is not owned but is built on with what ever resources are available
36
Slum areas typically suffer from: [5]
- Overcrowding
- Lack of supplies
- Little/no sanitation
- Inadequate health facilities
- Safety hazard
37
Informal economy def
These jobs are often unskilled and labour intensive, require little money to set up, offer no protection to the workers and they pay no tax
38
Cycle of poverty [5]
- Child grows up in poverty
- Disadvantaged in education and skills
- Struggles to get a formal job
- Fails to escape poverty cycle
- Family remains in poverty
39
Deprivation def
When a persons well-being falls below an acceptable minimum standard
40
MDI index def
Multiple deprivation index
41
Factos affecting MDi index [7[
- Income
- Employment
- Health
- Education
- Access to housing
- Crime
- Living environment
42
Factors of quality life index [8]
Political and economic stability
Legal system
Health and medical services
Safety
Climate
Costs and income
Education
43
Nairobi case study
44
Growth of the rural urban fringe: Push factors
- Congested, old, expensive housing
- Environmental pollution
- Shortage of land for expansion (companies)
- Brownfield sites
- Access for heavy goods limited
45
Growth of rural urban fringe: Pull factors
- Cheaper land, larger houses, buildings
- Factories can be more spacious, parking space
- Closeness to main roads and motorways
- WFH and flexible work
46
Land uses in the urban fringe
- Retail parks
- Industrial estates
- Business parks
- Science parks
- Airports
- Motorways and ring roads
47
Brownfield advantages [5]
- Revive old urban areas
- Reduce loss of countryside
- Services such as water etc already in place
- Located near main areas of employment
- Reduces risk of squatter settlements
48
Brownfield Disadvantages [3]
- More expensive to build on, must be cleared
- Surrounded by rundown areas
- Higher levels of pollution
49
Greenfield Advantages [4]
- Healthier environment
- Close to countryside, recreation
- Layout not restricted by existing layout
- Relatively cheap rate of building
50
Greenfield disadvantages [6]
- Valuable farmland lost
- Encourages urban sprawl
- Wildlife and habitats disrupted
- Recreational space, scenery lost
- Development causes pollution
- Higher cost of installing services
51
Urban sustainability def
A sustainable city is one in which there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound with resources allocated fairly and jobs secure, and there is a strong sense of community, with local people involved in decisions made
52
Ways of increasing urban sustainability [6]
- Relying on renewable energy sources
- Using energy efficiently
- Relying on public transport
- Improving physical infrastructure
- Improving social services and access to them
- Improving quality of life
53
Urban stakeholders: Local [7]
- Residents
- Nearby residents
- Planners
- Councils
- Utility suppliers
- Employers
- Landowners
54
Urban stakeholders: National [2]
- Govts
- National charities
55
Urban Stakeholders: International [3]
- International charities
- IGOs
- TNCs
