Human - Development and human welfare Flashcards
Development def
The progress that a country makes which improves the lives of the population and makes the country more independent
Factors which slow or reverse development [4]
- War/conflict
- Disease
- Disasters
- Economic recession
Strands of development [6]
- Economic
- Demographic
- Social
- Cultural
- Political
- Environmental
Factors affecting development [3]
- Resources
- Internal Boosters
- External boosters
Cycle of wealth
- Govt collects more taxes
- More disponible income
- Increases business profits
- Taxes collected invested into development
Categories of quality of life [4]
- Physical: Housing, Environment, Diet
- Social: Family and friends, leisure, welfare, education
- Economic: Standard of living, income
- Psychological: Happiness, health, security, satisfaction
Factors which lead to the development gap
- Food and water security
- Economic
- Government
- Social
- Technological
- Cultural
- Resources
Development gap def
The difference in levels of development between the lease and most developed countries in the world
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
The total value of goods and serviced produced within a country in a year
HDI
Human development index
Combined measure of average achievement in key areas of human development, health, education and standard of living
Factors counted in HDI [4]
- Life expectancy at birth
- Mean years of schooling for adults age 25 years
- Expected years of schooling for children at school entering age
- GNI per capita
Inequality def
Gap between the wealthy and the poorest in the population of a country
Gini coefficient [3]
0-1.0
Lower value better
Measure of inequality
Impact of political corruption [2]
- Money is often not invested in infrastructure, development and human welfare
- Leads to lack of trust between leaders and population
Historical factors which lead to poor development [2]
- Colonialism
- Neocolonialism
Social factors which lead to poor development [2]
- Education
- Investment
Political and economic factors which lead to poor development [4]
- Political corruption
- War and conflict
- Investment
- Debt
Cycle of growing inequality within a country [3]
- growth in the core region attracts skilled labour
- Areas in the periphery suffer due to lack of investment
- Gap grows
Causes of regional inequalities [5]
REEEL
- Residence
- Ethnicity
- Employment
- Education
- Land ownership
Example of impacts of uneven development: China
Demographic transition model stages
Reasons for a decrease in birth rate [4]
- Increased availability of contraception and education
- Infant mortality decreases, people know that children will survive
- More education and employment opportunities for women
- Changing cultural expectations
Reasons for dropping death rate [2]
- Improvements in healthcare and medicine
- Improvement in diet and availability of food
IGOs
- UN Committees
- World bank
- International monetary fund
Tade to reduce inequality
Disadvantages of international aid [4]
- Doesn’t always reach intended people
- Countries may become dependent on it
- Can be used to apply political or economic pressure
- Can result in food and water costing more
Aid agreements to reduce inequality
Debt relief
Reduces payment owed by countries so money can be used on development
Impacts of Fair trade [2]
- Promotes economic development
- investment in development
Why is trade not always fair
- Developing countries are often paid less and exploited
- Developing countries are often disadvantaged by trade barriers
- Trade agreements often favour developed countries
Case study: HS2
- Reduce inequality in increase growth
- Leeds to Birmingham, to London
- Stage 2 (Leeds) abandones
Arguments in favour of HS2
Arguments against HS2
Case study: Peru
