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bio ! > human transport !! > Flashcards

human transport !! Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary circulation !

A

transports blood between the heart and the lungs

  • pulmonary ateries : heart -> lungs
  • pulmonary veins : lungs -> heart
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2
Q

systemic circulation !

A

transports blood between the heart and the other parts of the body
oxygenated blood : left side of heart -> arteries -> rest of the body
deoxygenated blood : rest of body -> veins -> right side of heart

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3
Q

advantages of double circulation !

A

blood enters pulmonary circulation (lungs) at a lower pressure than blood leaving the heart
- ensures that blood flows slowly through the lungs -> allowing sufficient time for blood to be fully oxygenated before returning to heart

blood is pumped into the systemic circulation (rest of the body) at high pressure
- allows for oxygenated blood to be distributed to body tissues more quickly -> maintain high metabolic rate in mammals

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4
Q

chambers of heart !

A

atria : thinner walls compared to ventricles
- force blood into ventricles : short distance -> lesser pressure needed

left ventricle thickest : pumps blood to rest of the body
- longer distance -> more pressure needed

right ventricle less thicker : ensures that rate of blood flow is lower
- sufficient time for gaseous exchange to take place in the lungs

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5
Q

medium septum !

A

muscular wall dividing left and right sides of heart

- ensure oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix -> ensures there’s efficient transport of oxygen

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6
Q

movement of blood !

A

rest of the body -> vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> semilunar valve -> pulmonary arch -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> semilunar valve -> aortic arch -> aorta -> rest of the body

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7
Q

ventricular systole !

A

ventricles : contract
atria : relax

  • increase in ventricular pressure causes tricuspid + bicuspid valve to close -> lub
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8
Q

ventricular diastole !

A

ventricles : relax

- decrease ventricular pressure -> closure of semilunar valves -> dub sound

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9
Q

atery !

A

carries blood away from heart

small lumen + thick elastic muscular walls to withstand the high pressure exerted by heart

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10
Q

vein !

A

carries blood towards the heart
large lumen + thinner elastic muscular walls : carry blood at lower pressures
contains semilunar valves to prevent backflow of blood with lower pressure

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11
Q

capillary !

A

allows exchange of gases, nutrients + waste materials between the blood & cells
one cell thick -> shorter diffusion distance -> allow faster rate of diffusion

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12
Q

blood !

A

55% - plasma

45% - WBC, RBC, platelets

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13
Q

plasma !

A

90% - water
hormones : insulin
soluble proteins : fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin, globulin, antibodies
food substances : glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins
excretory products : urea, uric acid, creatinine, bicarbonate ions (CO2)
dissolved mineral salts : hydrogencarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, phosphates of Ca K NA

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14
Q

RBC / erythrocytes

A

produced in bone marrow, destroyed in spleen

limited life span of 120 days (3-4 months) -> due to lack of nucleus which is responsible for reproduction

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15
Q

RBC features/adaptations

A
  1. contains haemoglobin : combines reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
    - enabling RBC to transport O2 from lungs to all parts of body
  2. circular, flattened biconcave shape : increases surface area to volume ratio
    - increasing rate of diffusion of O2
  3. absence of nucleus : have more space
    - can contain more haemoglobin
  4. elastic, can turn bell-shaped : allows RBC to squeeze through blood vessels
    - efficient transport of O2 to all parts of body
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16
Q

WBC / lenocytes

A

produced in bone marrow, destroyed in spleen
limited lifespan of a few days : involved in fighting against bacteria & viruses
- phacocytes
- lymphocytes

17
Q

phagocytes

A
  • engulf and destroy foreign particles by phagocytosis

lobed nucleus
granular cytoplasm

18
Q

lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies to destroy foreign particles causing them to agglutinate -> easier for phagocytosis by phagocytes to take place
- easier to neutralise toxins produced by foreign particles

large rounded nucleus
small amt of non-granular cytoplasm
round in shape
limited movements

19
Q

platelets / thrombocytes

A

formed from fragments of cells found in blood

- helps clots blood

20
Q

blood groups !

A

plasma : contains natural antibodies which recognise and bind to antigens on RBC

agglutination / clumping of RBC : occurs when antibodies react with antigens on RBC

21
Q

group A

A

antigen A

antibody b

22
Q

group B

A

antigen B

antibody a

23
Q

group O

A

universal donor
no antigen
antibodies a & b

24
Q

group AB

A

universal acceptor
antigens A & B
no antibody

25
Q

atherosclerosis !

A

condition whereby fatty substances build up in coronary arteries
- narrows lumen

26
Q

effects of coronary heart disease !

A

heart attack : occurs when blood flow to a particular part of the heart is blocked

  • lumen of atery becomes narrower as blood clot forms in atery -> reduced blood flow to heart -> heart muscle receives reduced O2 supply
  • insufficient O2 and glucose

angina : chest pain

27
Q

causes of coronary heart disease !

A
  1. diet high in saturated fats & cholesterol
    - increases fatty deposits forming on the inner walls of the coronary arteries

2, smoking : contains nicotine & carbon monoxide

  • nicotine : causes the release of adrenaline -> increases heart rate + blood pressure
  • carbon monoxide : damages lining of inner walls of coronary arteries + increases the formation of fatty deposits on the inner walls + blood clots that get trapped within the damaged arteries
  1. stress : increases release of adrenaline
    - increases heart rate + blood pressure
  2. high blood pressure : damages lining of inner walls of coronary arteries + increases formation of fatty deposits and blood clots
28
Q

preventive measures !

A
  1. healthy diet : low saturated fats + cholesterol
  2. avoid smoking
  3. manage stress
  4. exercise regularly
29
Q

clotting of blood !

A

when blood vessels : damaged
- damaged tissues + blood platelets : release enzyme thrombokinase

prothrombin in plasma -> thrombin by thrombokinase, in presence of calcium ions

thrombin : catalysts concentration of soluble protein fibrinogen -> insoluble fibrin threads
- entangle blood cells to form a clot -> sealing the wound -> preventing entry of microorganisms & loss of more blood

30
Q

phagocytosis !

A

phagocytes engulf & destroy foreign particles

dead cells combine with dead bacteria to form pus

31
Q

antibodies !

A

bind to bacteria : ruptures bacterial surface membrane
- causes bacteria to bind together : agglutination -> can be easily engulfed by phagocytosis

neutralists harmful substances (toxins) produced by bacteria

bio ! (13 decks)

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