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bio ! > biological molecules ! > Flashcards

biological molecules ! Flashcards

1
Q

water functions (humans) !

A

solvent for chemical reactions
essential component of cells, tissue fluids, digestive juices and blood
helps control body temperature : sweat -> removes latent heat
transport of dissolved substances (glucose, amino acids, carbon dioxide)

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2
Q

water functions (plants) !

A

keeps plant cell turgid & plant upright
transport mineral salts up the plant through the xylem
needed to transport glucose from leaves to all parts of the plant by the phloem

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3
Q

amt of water needed !

A

how active a person is : plays sports / carry out physical labour -> need more water
how healthy a person is : diabetes causes sufferers to pass more urine -> need more water than healthy ppl

environmental conditions :

  • living in hot & dry climates need more water than those icing in temperate climates
  • those who have lived in hot conditions for a long time become adapted & require less water than those who have not adapted
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4
Q

water loss !

A

exhaled hair
urine
faeces
sweating

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5
Q

carbohydrates !

A

made up of elements : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

types :

  • sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides)
  • polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
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6
Q

simple sugars - monosaccharides

A

small molecules -> cannot be further digested

- can pass through cell membranes & be absorbed into the cells

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7
Q

monosaccharides formula !

A

C6 H12 O6

- arranged differently within the molecules-> give the sugars different chemical & biological properties

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8
Q

monosaccharides examples !

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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9
Q

double sugars - disaccharides !

A

made up of 2 molecules of monosaccharides condensed together

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10
Q

disaccharides formula !

A

C16 H12 O11

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11
Q

disaccharides examples !

A

sucrose

lactose

maltose

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12
Q

disaccharides - condensation !

A

condensation reaction : chemical reaction in which 2 simple molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the removal of 1 molecule of water

  • glucose + fructose -> sucrose + water
  • glucose + galactose -> lactose + water
  • glucose + glucose -> maltose + water
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13
Q

disaccharides - hydrolysis !

A

hydrolysis reaction : reaction in which a water molecule is needed to break up a complex molecule into smaller molecules

  • sucrose + water -> glucose + fructose
  • lactose + water -> glucose + galactose
  • maltose + water -> glucose + glucose
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14
Q

complex carbohydrates - polysaccharides !

A

made up of many monosaccharides chemically bonded together by polymerization

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15
Q

polysaccharides examples !

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

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16
Q

cellulose - polysaccharides !

A

made up of many glucose molecules chemically bonded together

17
Q

cellulose functions !

A

protect plant cells from mechanical damage & bursting

cannot be digested by humans -> serves as dietary fibre
- prevent constipation in humans

18
Q

starch - polysaccharides !

A

made up of many glucose molecules condensed together

19
Q

starch functions !

A

storage form of carbohydrates in plants

- when needed : digested to glucose-> provide energy for cell activities

20
Q

starch structure !

A

mixture of branched & straight chains

21
Q

starch hydrolysis !

A

starch -> maltose : by amylase
maltose -> glucose : by maltase

when starch is hydrolysed : bonds within the polysaccharide -> broken
- glucose molecules : released

22
Q

glycogen - polysaccharide !

A

made up of many glucose molecules condensed together

23
Q

glycogen functions !

A

storage form of carbohydrates in mammals & fungi

- when needed : digested to glucose -> provide energy for cell activities

24
Q

glycogen structure !

A

highly branched chains of glucose units

25
Q

storage molecules !

A
  • starch & glycogen

insoluble in water

large molecules : osmotic pressure / water pressure -> not affected in cells

easily hydrolysed to glucose when needed

have complex shapes : occupy less space than all the individual glucose molecules than what makes up a glycogen / starch molecule

26
Q

storage molecules - similarities !

A

made up of glucose units
storage forms of glucose units
storage of energy

27
Q

storage molecules - differences !

A

starch : found in plants, straight and branched

glycogen : found in animals & fungi, highly branched

28
Q

carbohydrates - functions !

A

substrate for respiration : provide energy for cellular activities
form supporting structures (cell walls)
form other organic compounds (amino acids, fats)
synthesise lubricants (mucus)
synthesise nectar in some flowers

29
Q

fats !

A

organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
- proportions of elements : not fixed -> no formula

hydrolysis : fats -> fatty acids + glycerol

30
Q

fats - functions !

A

source & storage of energy
acts as an insulating material : prevents excessive heat loss
solvent for fat-soluble vitamins & other vital substances (insulin)
essential part of protoplasm (cell membrane)
reduces water loss from skin surface : glands in skin secrete oily substance
- forms a thin layer over skin surface : reduces rate of evaporation of water & heat loss from skin

31
Q

proteins !

A

organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen

32
Q

protein - functions !

A

synthesis of new protoplasm : growth & repair of worn-out cells
synthesis of enzymes & some hormones
formation of antibodies : combat diseases

bio ! (13 decks)

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