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human reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sexual reproduction !

A

process involving fusion of the male & female gametes to form a zygote & production of genetically dissimilar offspring

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2
Q

gametes !

A

reproductive cells containing haploid number of chromosomes

male : sperm by testes
female : ovum by ovaries

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3
Q

sperm !

A

head
middle piece
flagellum

smallest cell in body
is mobile
has either X or Y chromosomes

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4
Q

sperm - head !

A

contains large nucleus containing of one haploid set of chromosomes (23)

contains small amt of cytoplasm
contains an acrosome : contains enzymes for breaking down part of the egg embrace for sperm penetration

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5
Q

sperm - middle piece !

A

contains numerous mitochondria : provide energy for sperm to swim to egg
- mitochondria : site of aerobic respiration -> release energy

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6
Q

sperm - flagellum / tail !

A

enables sperm to be motile

- beats to enable sperm to swim towards egg

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7
Q

ovum !

A

large nucleus containing one haploid set of chromosomes (23)

large amt of cytoplasm
cannot move by itself
only contains X chromosomes
largest cell in body

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8
Q

male reproductive system !

A 
testes (singular : testis) 
epididymis
spermatic cord
scrotum 
seminal vesicles 
sperm duct 
prostate gland 
urethra 
sphincter muscle 
penis
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9
Q

testes !

A

produces sperms & male sex hormones (testerone)

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10
Q

epididymis !

A

stores inactive sperms from testis before they are released into super duct

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11
Q

spermatic cord !

A

supplies blood to testis

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12
Q

scrotum

A

skin sac located outside body : maintain a lower temperature of testis for development of sperms

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13
Q

seminal vesicle !

A

stores sperms temporally before they are released through rephrase

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14
Q

activating sperms !

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland

- secretes sperm containing nutrients & enzymes : nourish sperms + stimulate them into swimming actively

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15
Q

urethra !

A

transports both urine & semen

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16
Q

sphincter muscle !

A

prevents urine from exiting the body during ejaculation

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17
Q

prostate gland !

A

secretes fluid containing nutrients & enzymes to nourish + activate sperms

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18
Q

penis !

A

erectile organ : becomes erect & had during sexual intercourse —> deposit semen into vagina

excretion : occurs when spongy tissue in penis is filled with blood

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19
Q

sperm duct !

A

transport sperm to urethra after being released from testis

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20
Q

female reproductive system !

A 
ovary 
oviduct 
uterus 
cervix
vagina
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21
Q

ovary !

A

produces ovum (egg) & female sex hormones (oestrogen, progesterone)

22
Q

oviduct / fallopian tube !

A

site of fertilisation

mature eggs are released here

23
Q

uterus !

A

site of embryo implantation & foetal development

has elastic muscles : enable contraction during birth to force out the fetus during birth

24
Q

cervix !

A

opening : allows menstrual blood to flow out into the vagina

25
Q

vagina !

A

location where semen containing sperms is deposited during sexual intercourse

26
Q

puberty !

A

stage of human growth & development in which a person’s body becomes capable of reproduction

27
Q

menstrual cycle !

A

monthly discharge of broken lining of the uterus wall, dead ovum & blood via the vagina

28
Q

mensuration - day 1-5

A

menstruation takes place

broken lining of uterus wall, dead ovum & blood flows out through vagina

29
Q

menstruation day6-10

A

ovary : produces oestrogen

  • thickens uterine lining
  • high concentrations can lead to ovulation (day14)

uterine lining : thickens
blood vessels form inside thick lining

30
Q

ovulation - day 14

A

mature ovum released from ovary into oviduct

31
Q

menstruation - day11-18

A

fertile period
one of the ovaries : release mature ovum

ovary : produces progesterone, oestrogen decreases for a while

  • thickens uterine lining further -> egg can be implanted
  • facilitates growth of embryo if egg is fertilised
32
Q

menstruation - NOTE

A

egg : survive for 24h
sperm : survive 3-4 days

after this period, rest of the days : infertile
- egg + sperm died

33
Q

mensturation day19-28

A

uterine lining : thickest, well supplied with blood vessels (O2, glucose)

34
Q

mensturation - outcome 1 !

A

egg : successfully fertilised

uterine lining : continues to thicken until suitable for implantation & growth of embryo

35
Q

mensuration - outcome 2 !

A

egg : not fertilised
progesterone : decreases
- no implantation
- thick uterine lining breaks down

36
Q

primary follicle !

A

consists of a potential egg cell surrounded by a layer of smaller follicle cells

37
Q

graafian follicle !

A

developed from primary follicle
contains a mature egg surrounded by follicle cells & a fluid-filled space

egg : released into oviduct
oestrogen : released into bloodstream -> repair + growth of uterine lining

38
Q

follicle - ovulation !

A

Graafian follicle : ruptures + releases egg into oviduct funnel

39
Q

corpus luteum !

A

developed from rupture Graafian follicle after ovulation

secretes progesterone & oestrogen : prepare body for pregnancy

if no fertilisation occurs : corpus luteum will persist fr some time -> eventually will break down & start producing hormones -> start of mensturation

40
Q

fertilisation !

A

fusion of haploid nucleus of a male gamete (sperm) & haploid nucleus of a female gamete (ovum) to form a diploid zygote

once a sperm enters the egg : membrane of egg changes -> no sperms can enter -> unable to fertilised egg -> dies

41
Q

implantation !

A

event where embryo becomes embedded in uterine lining

peristaltic movements in wall of oviduct + cilia lining inner surface of oviduct : sweeps fertilised egg towards uterus

zygote : divides by mitosis -> form embryo
embryo : float freely in uterus for 2 days before implantation

42
Q

development of placenta !

A

developed from villi & uterine lining

after implantation : villi grow from embryo into uterine lining

umbilical cord : attaches embryo to placenta

43
Q

placenta functions !

A

produces progesterone to maintain condition & thickness of uterine lining throughout pregnancy

space between mother’s blood capillaries & fetus’ blood capillaries -> allows for diffusion of :

  • oxygen & food substances (glucose, amino acids) from the mother’s blood into fetus’ blood
  • excretory products (urea, carbon dioxide) from the fetus’ blood into the mother’s blood
  • antibodies produced by the mother from the mother’s blood to the fetus’ blood
44
Q

umbilical cord functions !

A

umbilical vein : transports oxygenated blood & food substances from the placenta to fetus

umbilical arteries : transports deoxygenated blood & metabolic waste products from the fetus to placenta

45
Q

amniotic sac !

A

filled with amniotic fluid

46
Q

amniotic fluid functions !

A

supports & cushions fetus
protects fetus against physical injury by absorbing shock
allows fetus to move freely during growth -> promote muscle development
lubricates vagina during birth

47
Q

fetal blood system !

A

fetal blood capillaries :

  • not connected to maternal blood capillaries
  • surrounded by maternal blood spaces
  • diffusion of dissolved substances occurs across the maternal blood spaces
48
Q

why is fetal & mother’s blood systems separated ?

A

mother’s blood pressure : too high for fetus

fetus’ & mother’s blood may be different
- if mixed : maternal antibodies would cause fetus’ blood to agglutinate -> fatal

49
Q

STI !

A

disease that is spread that is spread through sexual intercourse

50
Q

AIDS !

A

caused by HIV : destroy body’s immune system
not able to produce sufficient antibodies : unable to protect themselves from other infections

symptoms : 
severe diarrhoea for moths 
pneumonia
choric fever
brain infection
51
Q

modes of transmissions of STI !

A

unprotected sexual intercoruse with an infected person
passed from infected mother to fetus during pregnancy
sharing of hypodermic needles with contaminated blood of an infected person
blood transfusion with contaminated blood with an infected person

52
Q

prevention of HIV !

A

keep to one sex partner
make sure needles used in acupunture, ear piercing, tattooing are sterilised
do not share instruments that can break skin & het contaminated with blood (razors, toothbrushes)
do not abuse drugs : drug addicts share needles

bio ! (13 decks)

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