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Altior Science > Human Systems Definitions > Flashcards

Human Systems Definitions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into a form that can be used by an animal. It includes both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

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2
Q

mechanical digestion

A

digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with the teeth

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3
Q

chemical digestion

A

the chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream for use in other parts of the body

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4
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

passage from the mouth to the anus. Digestion of food occurs as it moves through the canal.

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5
Q

Enzymes

A

special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction

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6
Q

Saliva

A

watery substance in the mouth that moistens food before swallowing

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7
Q

Salivary Glands

A

glands in the mouth that produce saliva

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8
Q

Bolus

A

round, chewed-up ball of food made in the mouth that makes swallowing easier

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9
Q

Oesophagus

A

part of the digestive system composed of a tube connecting the mouth with the stomach

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10
Q

Peristalsis

A

the process of pushing food along the oesophagus or small intestine by the action of muscles

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11
Q

Stomach

A

a large muscular organ that churns and mixes food with gastric juice to start to break down protein

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12
Q

Small Intestine

A

the part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine, where much of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place

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13
Q

Absorption

A

the taking in of a substance, for example from the intestine to the surrounding capillaries

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14
Q

Villi

A

tiny finger-like projections from the wall of the intestine that maximise the surface area of the structure to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption. Singular = villus.

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15
Q

Nutrient

A

substances that provide energy and chemicals that living things need to stay alive, grow and reproduce

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16
Q

Bile

A

a substance produced by the liver that helps digest fats and oils

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17
Q

Gall Bladder

A

a small organ that stores and concentrates bile within the body

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18
Q

Lipids

A

type of nutrients that include fats and oils

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19
Q

Lipases

A

enzymes that break fats and oils down into fatty acids and glycerol

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20
Q

Amylases

A

an enzyme in saliva that breaks starch down into sugar

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21
Q

Proteases

A

enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids

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22
Q

Pancreas

A

a large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes

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23
Q

Colon

A

the part of the large intestine where a food mass passes from the small intestine, and where water and other remaining essential nutrients are absorbed into the body

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24
Q

Large Intestine

A

the penultimate part of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from the waste before it is transported out of the body

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25
Q

Vitamin D

A

a nutrient that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promotes the healthy growth and remodelling of bone

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26
Q

Cellulose

A

a natural substance that keeps the cell wall of plants rigid

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27
Q

Rectum

A

the final section of the digestive system, where waste food matter is stored as faeces before being excreted through the anus

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28
Q

Anus

A

the final part of the digestive system, through which faeces are passed as waste

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29
Q

Emulsify

A

combine two liquids that do not normally mix easily

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30
Q

Denatured

A

describes the condition of proteins after they have been overheated

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31
Q

Substrate

A

substance acted upon by an enzyme

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32
Q

Product

A

new chemical substance that results from a chemical reaction

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33
Q

Burping

A

release of swallowed gas through the mouth

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34
Q

Heartburn

A

burning sensation caused by stomach acid rising into the oesophagus

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35
Q

Flatulence

A

release of gas through the anus. This gas is produced by bacteria in the large intestine.

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36
Q

Diarrhoea

A

excessive discharge of watery faeces

37
Q

Vomiting

A

the forceful ejection of matter from the stomach through the mouth

38
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

consists of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and the skeletal muscle system (voluntary or striated muscle). Working together, these two systems protect the internal organs, maintain posture, produce blood cells, store minerals and enable the body to move.

39
Q

skeletal system

A

consists of the bones and joints

40
Q

skeletal muscle system

A

voluntary or striated muscle

41
Q

skeleton

A

the bones or shell of an animal that support and protect it as well as allowing movement

42
Q

bones

A

the pieces of hard tissue that make up the skeleton of a vertebrate

43
Q

bone marrow

A

a substance inside bones in which blood cells are made

44
Q

cartilage

A

a waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by cartilage.

45
Q

calcium

A

an element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.

46
Q

phosphorus

A

a substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.

47
Q

ossification

A

hardening of bones

48
Q

brittle

A

breaks easily into many pieces

49
Q

joint

A

region where two bones meet

50
Q

ligaments

A

band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place

51
Q

synovial fluid

A

the liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other

52
Q

pivot joint

A

joint that allows a twisting movement

53
Q

hinge joints

A

joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only

54
Q

ball and socket joints

A

joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another

55
Q

immovable joints

A

joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow

56
Q

muscles

A

tissue consisting of cells that can shorten

57
Q

involuntary muscles

A

muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs.

58
Q

voluntary muscles

A

muscle attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts

59
Q

tendons

A

tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone

60
Q

greenstick fracture

A

a break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children

61
Q

fracture

A

a break in a bone

62
Q

stem cells

A

undeveloped cells found in blood and bone marrow

63
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken

64
Q

sprains

A

injury caused by tearing a ligament

65
Q

arthritis

A

a condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful

66
Q

tennis elbow

A

an injury due to strain or overuse that causes the elbow’s lining to become inflamed and painful

67
Q

torn hamstrings

A

a common sporting injury caused by overstretching the hamstring muscle, which joins the pelvis to the knee joint

68
Q

oxygen

A

a gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

69
Q

cellular respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

70
Q

glucose

A

a simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar

71
Q

carbon dioxide

A

a gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

72
Q

epiglottis

A

the leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing

73
Q

respiratory system

A

the body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

74
Q

trachea

A

narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves

75
Q

lungs

A

the organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

76
Q

bronchi

A

the narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

77
Q

bronchioles

A

small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli

78
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

79
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

the vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart

80
Q

aorta

A

a large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of the heart to the body

81
Q

arterioles

A

vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

82
Q

venules

A

small veins

83
Q

pulmonary artery

A

the vessel through which deoxygenated blood, carrying wastes from respiration, travels from the heart to the lungs

84
Q

diaphragm

A

flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and the abdomen. It is involved in breathing.

85
Q

vital capacity

A

the largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time

86
Q

breathing

A

movement of muscles in the chest causing air to enter the lungs and the altered air in the lungs to leave. The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the air leaving the lungs.

87
Q

asthma

A

narrowing of the air pipes that join the mouth and nose to the lungs

88
Q

carcinogens

A

chemicals that cause cancer

89
Q

emphysema

A

condition in which the air sacs in the lungs break open and join together, reducing the amount of oxygen taken in and carbon dioxide removed

Altior Science (5 decks)

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