Human Sexuality Exam 3 Flashcards
whether one is biologically man, woman, or intersex
Sex
chromosomal (XX & XY) and hormonal sex characteristics
Genetic sex
our physical sex; gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, penis
anatomical sex
social and cultural characteristics associated with being masculinity or femininity
- can change over time and across cultures
Gender
gender one believes self to be
gender identity
based on anatomical appearance
assigned gender
Those who cannot or choose not to conform to societal gender norms
gender variations
- The attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that society associates with each sex
- Influenced by culture, age, ethnicity, other factors
Gender role
General term used when one’s gender identity does not match one’s physical/genetic sex.
- i.e. gender identity and sexual anatomy/ chromosomes are not congruent
Transgender
one barrier to inclusive education is what?
lack of research on trans people
- controversial and very expensive
- live as desired gender for a year before
- cosmetic; cannot construct internal genital organs or gonads
- lifetime hormonal treatment
- also performed on intersex infants/persons
Gender-affirming (gender-confirmation) surgery
Male-to-female hormonal treatment
estrogen
Female-to-male hormonal treatment
androgens
- an umbrella term that encompasses many different ways to understand one’s gender
- adjective used by people who experience their gender identity and/or gender expression as falling outside the binary gender categories of “man” and “woman.”
Nonbinary
other pronouns beyond he/she/they
Neopronouns
e.g. ze/zir; fae/faer
Ambiguous genitals
1/1,500 births
atypical development of physical sex characteristics that are caused by variety of conditions
intersex conditions
intersex conditions
- External genitals not easily classified as male or female
- Incomplete or unusual development of internal reproductive organs
- Inconsistency between external genitals and internal reproductive organs
- Abnormalities of sex chromosomes or sex-related hormones
Intersexuality prevalence ranges
.0128% to 1.7% of population
Intersexuality was known until recently as what?
hermaphrodites
devoted to systematic changes to end shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female
intersex society of North America (ISNA)
- Inherited condition occurring in 1/13,000 individuals
- Genetic males whose tissues to not respond to testosterone
- Female genitals, no female internal organs
- At puberty, develops hips and breasts, no pubic hair and no menstruation
- Many experience female gender identity
Androgen-insensitivity syndrome
Nature versus nurture
Developmental factors
- Nature: Attribute most characteristics to biological differences or similarities
- Nurture: We become the way we are mostly as a result of social factors and learning
- Some people believe a combo
X chromosomes are what than Y and can supply the female with greater variety of genetic material?
larger
Onset of puberty occurs approximately _ years earlier in females
2
Gender and abilities
- Verbal abilities
- Problem-solving tasks
Gender and aggression
- Some experts believe that boys are more physically and verbally aggressive than girls
- Intimate partner violence against both males and females has increased
- Aggression in females may look different than that in males due to social influences
- Anger and aggression as learned behavior
Gender and health
- Differences in attitudes and behavior in preventative health
- Health insurance and gender equity
- Mental health and well-being
- Attitudes and behaviors about sexual intercourse during college-aged years
Gender and dating
- Nature of intimacy in male-female relationships
- Nature of intimacy amongst friends
Gender and the media
- The role of media in codifying male-female stereotypes
– Women as beautiful an object
– Men are often portrayed as adventurous, dominant, and sexually aggressive - Television commercials as having a major impact on how males/females behave in their daily lives
Gender and the workplace
- Differences in the performance
- Differences in leadership styles
- Bullying in the workplace and the role of women
- Accommodations for breastfeeding mothers
- Equality in the workplace (e.g. income)
other gender issues
- Style of communication
- Stereotypical things that seem to bother males and females about the other gender
- Division of household labor
- Men show greater sexual desire than women show
- Women place greater emphasis on committed relationships as a context for sexuality
- Aggression linked to men’s sexuality
The expectation that individuals will exhibit certain characteristics or behaviors
stereotypes
Expectation that individuals will behave in certain ways because they are male or female
Gender-role stereotyping
Comments in both formal student evaluations and informal online ratings indicates that students _ evaluate their professors differently based on whether they are women or men
do
Exhibiting a combination of masculine and feminine traits as defined by society
Androgynous
The idea of androgyny can serve as a means of doing away with what?
gender-role stereotyping
Teaching gender roles & stereotypes: Influence of schools
- Teacher’s expectations
- Biases in student evaluations
- Social behaviors
- Sexism
- School materials
- Achievement tests
Teaching gender roles and stereotypes: influence of parents and peers
The way we are treated and what we learn can drastically influence our expression of gender roles
What is conceptually independent of sexual orientation?
Gender identity and gender expression
Traditional male gender role
- Aggressiveness
- Emotional toughness
- Independence
- Feelings of superiority
- Decisiveness
- Power orientation
- Competitiveness
- Dominance
- Violence
- Men should not have or express certain feelings
- Performance is the only thing that counts
- The man is in charge
- A man always wants sex and is ready for it
- All physical contact leads to sex
- Sex equals intercourse
- Sexual intercourse leads to orgasm
Traditional Male Sexual Scripts: Zilbergeld
- Sex is good and bad
- It’s not okay to touch yourself “down there”
- Sex is for men
- Men should know what women want
- Women shouldn’t talk about sex
- Women should look like models
- Women are nurturers: they give, men receive
- There is only one right way to have an orgasm
Traditional Female Sexual Scripts: Barbach
There are striking ethnic differences in what?
female roles
- American middle-class Whites: women as wives and mothers. Recently includes work outside the home
- African Americans: more egalitarian roles for men and women
- Latinas: women subordinate to men out of respect; gender role affected by age
Contemporary gender roles
- Women’s roles have changed
- Men’s roles have changed
- Must include diverse groups
- Egalitarian approach to gender roles
Contemporary sexual scripts
- Sexual expression is positive
- Sexual activities involve a mutual exchange of erotic pleasure
- Sexuality is equally involving, and both partners are equally responsible
- Legitimate sexual activities are not limited to intercourse but also include masturbation and oral-genital sex
- Sexual activities may be initiated by either partner
- Both partners have a right to experience orgasm, whether through intercourse, oral-genital sex, or manual stimulation
- Non-marital sex is acceptable within a relationship context
discrimination against people based on their sex
Sexism
The women’s movement
Enactment of title IX in 1972
- Female high school athletic participation increased by more than 900%
- Female college athletic participation has increased by almost 500%
- Women make up about 45% of the athlete population at NCAA schools while accounting for about 55% of the student body
- There are still significantly fewer women than men in administrative and coaching positions
What has had many influences on gender as well as social and legal issues?
women’s movement
Educational gains for women
- Women earned about 57% of all college degrees in 2008
- 59% of graduate school enrollment
closing the Gender gap
- Get honest before you get angry
- Establish system for sharing chores and childcare
- Negotiate the division of labor and the division of love
- Do not get locked into your role
- Express your emotional needs
- Review the cultural messages of your childhood
- Give each other time to change
- Accept your differences and affirm strengths
- Protect you intimate time together
refers to mental image we have of our own physical appearance
Body image
- influences much of our behavior and self-esteem
- growing in importance
- growing gap between population’s weight and body preferences
body image
How does body image influence behaviors and relationships?
“Sexual experiences affect our body image, and our body image affects our sexual experiences.”
body shame and body self-consciousness during sexual activity negatively correlated with sexual satisfaction
Claudat and Warren (2014)
consuming sports media and watching reality television were best media predictors of men’s judgments about women’s bodies
Maumen, et al (2015)
as body dissatisfaction increases, one’s self-efficacy regarding the use of condoms diminishes
Blashill and Safren (2015)
Elusive perfect body
Bodies closest to “perfect” are, to a large extent, born that way
The “ideal body” what?
changes over time
Study of American and European college students asked to pick a body type that they thought women would find attractive
Men: chose man with 20-30 more pounds of muscle than a normal guy
Women: chose normal-sized man most of the time
Popular culture presents us with countless images of what it means to be what?
sexual
- Keeps sexual behavior visible
- Reinforces a consistent set of sexual and relationship norms
- Rarely include sexually responsible models
Media
Sexuality in media is a form of what?
persuasive communication that is altering patterns of social communication and interpersonal relationships
Media messages about sexuality
meant to entertain and exploit, not to inform
- doesn’t present “real” depictions of sexuality
presents the social context of sexuality
- tells us what behaviors are appropriate
- with whom they are appropriate
- why they are appropriate
LGBTQ+ in the media: Historically
- absent from mainstream films
- presented stereotypically
- storyline solely on sexual orientation
Television genres emphasize what?
different types of content
comedy series
taboos
soap operas
sexual transgressions
crime/action
sexual variation
drama series
situations
commercials
influence attitudes
music videos
individual expression
games
exploitation & aggression
beyond media exposure, awareness and internalization of sociocultural ideals appear to be significant predictors of body image disturbance
Bryla (2002)
women feel unhappy with their body after looking at images of thin, idealized models
- Men experience similar influences and effects
- Video games may have influence on body image
Ashikali and Dittmar (2011)
Body dissatisfaction stimulates us to spend lots of what?
resources—including time, money and energy—trying to fix our flaw.
American Eagle/Aerie have not photoshopped models since
2014
condition in which individual severely limits caloric intake
anorexia nervosa
condition in which individual periodically binges and purges, with an obsessive fear of becoming fat
Bulimia nervosa
characterized by recurrent binge eating but not by inappropriate weight control behaviors
binge-eating disorder
sports and dieting
- Eating disorders may be gravest health problem facing female athletes
- Eating disorders common among athletes
- Weight and dieting pay major role in endurance sports
- Severely limiting caloric intake
- Fears gaining weight even though they may already be underweight
- Disturbance in the way that personal body weight or shape is viewed
- Can be fatal (10% of all cases result in death)
- Cause thought to be psychological and environmental factors
Anorexia Nervosa
any extreme means to get rid of calories
purging
- Purging
- Guilt and extreme dieting after binging
- Feeling out of control while binging
Bulimia Nervosa
- Majority are obese
- Compulsive overeaters
- Eat rapidly, more than normal to the point they feel uncomfortable, eating when not hungry, eating alone, feeling disgusted/guilty after
- Feeling as though they can’t control how much or stop eating
Binge-eating disorder
disorder whereby body builder in top shape considers him or herself to be puny
Muscle dysmorphia or bigorexia or reverse anorexia
- Characterized by overwhelming compulsion with accruing large amounts of lean mass
- Occurs mainly in men
- Preoccupied by irrational thoughts regarding perceived small muscular development
- Can have significant effects physically, socially, vocationally, emotionally, mentally, etc.
Muscle dysmorphia
- Becoming serious problem among adolescent males
- Trend towards steroid use by females much the same as for males
- Negative effects on males and females
- “Adonis complex”
Steroid use
- Increases pleasure because of heightened sensitivity
- Increases risk of infection (including STIs) during healing (~6 months)
- Becomes desensitized over time
Genital piercings
Building a better self-image
- Do not feel need to apologize for “flaws”
- Be careful about basing own body image on what you see and hear in ads
- Should be free to be yourself
- Way you move your body can indicate how you feel about yourself
- Health and appearance are different things
- Accept and value your genes
- Surround self with people who are supportive
- Treat your body with respect and kindness
- Unfollow social media pages that make you feel bad about yourself
Steps to positive self-talk
1) envision your ideal life, then craft an encouraging phrase that makes it sound as if what you desire is already a reality
2) Stop any negative thought and repeat your mantra whenever you start to bad-mouth yourself. You’ll retrain your brain to focus on the positive, and not the negative.
3) Adopt a positive saying, and give yourself a talking-to
refers to one’s erotic, romantic, and affectional attraction to the same gender, to other genders, or to several or all genders.
Sexual orientation
- formerly used to describe sexual orientation
- this terminology should be avoided
- sexual orientation = preferred language
sexual preference
4 key components of identity
- body
- mind
- appearance
- attraction
body
biological sex
mind
gender identity
appearance
gender expression
attraction
sexual orientation
refers to one’s internal understanding of one’s own gender, or the gender with which a person identifies
gender identity
a term used to describe someone’s outward presentation of their gender.
gender expression
term used to describe typically masculine norms, expression
man
term used to describe typically feminine norms, expression
woman
a term to refer to people whose gender identity is the same as the sex they were assigned at birth
Cisgender (cis)
appearance and qualities regarded as characteristics of men.
masculine
appearance and qualities regarded as characteristics of women.
Feminine
appearance and behavior does not conform to traditional societal gender “norms”
Gender Non-conforming
an umbrella term for genders that are not exclusively male or female.
Gender non-binary
Dimensions of sexual orientation
- identity
- behavior
- attraction
A person who identifies as a woman who is attracted to other women
lesbian
A person who identifies as a man who is attracted to other men
gay
A person attracted to more than one sex or gender identity though not necessarily simultaneously, in the same way, or to the same degree
Bisexual
Using the chosen name of a trans person
71% decrease in depression
34% decrease in suicidal ideation
65% decrease in suicidal behavior or attempts
Kinsey continuum
refers only to homosexual or heterosexual behavior
- Homosexual behavior limited to circumstances in which members of the same gender are deprived of contact with the other gender
- Distinction between specific behavior and sexual orientation
Situational homosexuality
Asexuality
about 1%
Bisexuality
about 1-2%
Homosexuality in the population
2-4% nationwide
Heterosexuality in the population
+90%
hostility toward those who identify as bisexual
Biphobia
Bisexual adolescents experience lower rates of
- Family connectiveness
- School connectiveness
- Religious involvement
includes all kinds of sexual expression and sexual relationships that can exist in humans
pansexuality
sexual orientation in which person does not experience sexual attraction
asexuality
An irrational fear of homosexuality in others, a fear of homosexual feeling within oneself, or an unhappiness with one’s own homosexuality
Homophobia
Stages of coming out:
- Acknowledging
- Accepting
- Openly expressing one’s homosexuality
Started with a raid by the New York City police on Stonewall gay bar in June 28, 1969
Gay rights movement
Started with a raid by the New York City police on Stonewall gay bar in June 28, 1969
Gay rights movement
Started with a raid by the New York City police on Stonewall gay bar in June 28, 1969
Gay rights movement
no or low level of education about the LGBTQ+ terminology and community, but tolerant of LGBTQ+ persons
low level comfort
have some level of education, knowledgeable of terminology, and have respect for LGBTQ+ persons
Moderate-level comfort
actively seek education, knowledgeable of current terminology, and openly supportive of LGBTQ+ persons
High-level comfort
allies with Low-level of comfort goal
Don’t make it worse for anyone who is LGBTQ+ and educate yourself to increase your knowledge and comfort
allies with moderate-level of comfort goal
Stand up for LGBTQ+ persons and against those who bully, and actively show small signs of support for the LGBTQ+ community
allies with high level of comfort goal
Actively and visibly show your support to others
advocates with moderate-level of comfort goal
Actions taken to actively educate others
advocates with high-level of comfort goal
Actions taken to make modification within the school system to improve the quality of life of LGBTQ+ students
All _ have high levels of comfort and should have a high level of education of the LGBTQ+ community and issues
- goal: Make intentional actions to promote social and political justice
activists
One of the biggest myths is that
sex should not be planned
If you are relying on non-verbal communication,
you are guessing
the process of deciding what someone else’s choice is. You can’t make their choice for them. You ask and you adhere to what they agree to or don’t agree to.
Consent
What to do if you (or your partner) is uncomfortable with direct communication:
- own the awkwardness
- talk to them side-by-side instead of face-to-face
- Sext
refers to any sexual activity that is non-consensual
Sexual assault and abuse
broad term for sexual activity performed against a persons will
sexual aggression
arguing, pleading, and insincere flattery, as well as force and threat of force
sexual coercion
unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact that stops short of rape or attempted rape
Sexual assault
is forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent
rape
Most common form of rape
Acquaintance/date rape
Least common form of rape
stranger rape
all states have legislation
marital rape
men with strong bonds
gang rape
States define age of consent; age differences may or may not matter
statutory rape
under reported
male rape
physically violent
anger rape
dominance to restore sense of control
power rape
- least frequent
- severe injury or death
sadistic rape
Principal motive of rape is what?
power
% of women that experience date rape
13-27
Drugs/alcohol use by assailant or victim in _% of date rape cases
70
only cause of rape
rapists
refers to primary or exclusive sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children
pedophilia
Pedophiles have been known to use the Internet in at least two different ways:
- Trust-based seductive model
- Direct sexual model
abuse by unrelated people
Extra familial child sexual abuse
abuse by relatives, step relatives
Intra familial child sexual abuse
sexual abuse—abuse not sexually motivated, usually to get power, affection
Nonpedophilic
Effects of child sexual abuse: initial effects
- emotional disturbances
- physical consequences
- sexual disturbances
- social disturbances
Inappropriately associate sexual behaviors and emotions
traumatic sexualization
Adult survivors find trust difficult, may become dependent or angry
betrayal
Fear, anxiety, sense of lack of control
powerlessness
guilt, shame
stigmatization
Child abuse prevention (CAP) programs aimed at three audiences:
- children
- parents
- professionals
Requires notification of sex offenders in the community
Megan’s Law 1997
is sexual behavior between relatives who are too closely related to be married.
Incest
pattern of abusive and coercive behaviors used to maintain power and control over a former or current intimate partner.
relationship abuse
Different types of relationship abuse
- technology abuse
- physical abuse
- academic abuse
- economic abuse
heterosexual bias
heterosexism
unwelcome verbal, physical, or sexual conduct that has the effect of creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment.
sexual harassment
Two types of sexual harassment
- abuse of power for sexual ends
- creation of a hostile environment
Whether flirtation is sexual harassment depends on three (3) factors:
- whether you have equal power
- whether you are approached appropriately
appropriate vs offensive - whether you wish to continue contac
