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Spring 2023 > Human Sexuality Exam 3 > Flashcards

Human Sexuality Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

whether one is biologically man, woman, or intersex

A

Sex

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2
Q

chromosomal (XX & XY) and hormonal sex characteristics

A

Genetic sex

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3
Q

our physical sex; gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, penis

A

anatomical sex

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4
Q

social and cultural characteristics associated with being masculinity or femininity
- can change over time and across cultures

A

Gender

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5
Q

gender one believes self to be

A

gender identity

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6
Q

based on anatomical appearance

A

assigned gender

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7
Q

Those who cannot or choose not to conform to societal gender norms

A

gender variations

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8
Q
  • The attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that society associates with each sex
  • Influenced by culture, age, ethnicity, other factors
A

Gender role

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9
Q

General term used when one’s gender identity does not match one’s physical/genetic sex.
- i.e. gender identity and sexual anatomy/ chromosomes are not congruent

A

Transgender

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10
Q

one barrier to inclusive education is what?

A

lack of research on trans people

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11
Q
  • controversial and very expensive
  • live as desired gender for a year before
  • cosmetic; cannot construct internal genital organs or gonads
  • lifetime hormonal treatment
  • also performed on intersex infants/persons
A

Gender-affirming (gender-confirmation) surgery

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12
Q

Male-to-female hormonal treatment

A

estrogen

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13
Q

Female-to-male hormonal treatment

A

androgens

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14
Q
  • an umbrella term that encompasses many different ways to understand one’s gender
  • adjective used by people who experience their gender identity and/or gender expression as falling outside the binary gender categories of “man” and “woman.”
A

Nonbinary

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15
Q

other pronouns beyond he/she/they

A

Neopronouns
e.g. ze/zir; fae/faer

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16
Q

Ambiguous genitals

A

1/1,500 births

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17
Q

atypical development of physical sex characteristics that are caused by variety of conditions

A

intersex conditions

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18
Q

intersex conditions

A
  • External genitals not easily classified as male or female
  • Incomplete or unusual development of internal reproductive organs
  • Inconsistency between external genitals and internal reproductive organs
  • Abnormalities of sex chromosomes or sex-related hormones
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19
Q

Intersexuality prevalence ranges

A

.0128% to 1.7% of population

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20
Q

Intersexuality was known until recently as what?

A

hermaphrodites

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21
Q

devoted to systematic changes to end shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female

A

intersex society of North America (ISNA)

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22
Q
  • Inherited condition occurring in 1/13,000 individuals
  • Genetic males whose tissues to not respond to testosterone
  • Female genitals, no female internal organs
  • At puberty, develops hips and breasts, no pubic hair and no menstruation
  • Many experience female gender identity
A

Androgen-insensitivity syndrome

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23
Q

Nature versus nurture

A

Developmental factors
- Nature: Attribute most characteristics to biological differences or similarities
- Nurture: We become the way we are mostly as a result of social factors and learning
- Some people believe a combo

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24
Q

X chromosomes are what than Y and can supply the female with greater variety of genetic material?

A

larger

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25
Q

Onset of puberty occurs approximately _ years earlier in females

A

2

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26
Q

Gender and abilities

A
  • Verbal abilities
  • Problem-solving tasks
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27
Q

Gender and aggression

A
  • Some experts believe that boys are more physically and verbally aggressive than girls
  • Intimate partner violence against both males and females has increased
  • Aggression in females may look different than that in males due to social influences
  • Anger and aggression as learned behavior
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28
Q

Gender and health

A
  • Differences in attitudes and behavior in preventative health
  • Health insurance and gender equity
  • Mental health and well-being
  • Attitudes and behaviors about sexual intercourse during college-aged years
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29
Q

Gender and dating

A
  • Nature of intimacy in male-female relationships
  • Nature of intimacy amongst friends
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30
Q

Gender and the media

A
  • The role of media in codifying male-female stereotypes
    – Women as beautiful an object
    – Men are often portrayed as adventurous, dominant, and sexually aggressive
  • Television commercials as having a major impact on how males/females behave in their daily lives
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31
Q

Gender and the workplace

A
  • Differences in the performance
  • Differences in leadership styles
  • Bullying in the workplace and the role of women
  • Accommodations for breastfeeding mothers
  • Equality in the workplace (e.g. income)
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32
Q

other gender issues

A
  • Style of communication
  • Stereotypical things that seem to bother males and females about the other gender
  • Division of household labor
  • Men show greater sexual desire than women show
  • Women place greater emphasis on committed relationships as a context for sexuality
  • Aggression linked to men’s sexuality
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33
Q

The expectation that individuals will exhibit certain characteristics or behaviors

A

stereotypes

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34
Q

Expectation that individuals will behave in certain ways because they are male or female

A

Gender-role stereotyping

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35
Q

Comments in both formal student evaluations and informal online ratings indicates that students _ evaluate their professors differently based on whether they are women or men

A

do

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36
Q

Exhibiting a combination of masculine and feminine traits as defined by society

A

Androgynous

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37
Q

The idea of androgyny can serve as a means of doing away with what?

A

gender-role stereotyping

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38
Q

Teaching gender roles & stereotypes: Influence of schools

A
  • Teacher’s expectations
  • Biases in student evaluations
  • Social behaviors
  • Sexism
  • School materials
  • Achievement tests
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39
Q

Teaching gender roles and stereotypes: influence of parents and peers

A

The way we are treated and what we learn can drastically influence our expression of gender roles

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40
Q

What is conceptually independent of sexual orientation?

A

Gender identity and gender expression

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41
Q

Traditional male gender role

A
  • Aggressiveness
  • Emotional toughness
  • Independence
  • Feelings of superiority
  • Decisiveness
  • Power orientation
  • Competitiveness
  • Dominance
  • Violence
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42
Q
  • Men should not have or express certain feelings
  • Performance is the only thing that counts
  • The man is in charge
  • A man always wants sex and is ready for it
  • All physical contact leads to sex
  • Sex equals intercourse
  • Sexual intercourse leads to orgasm
A

Traditional Male Sexual Scripts: Zilbergeld

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43
Q
  • Sex is good and bad
  • It’s not okay to touch yourself “down there”
  • Sex is for men
  • Men should know what women want
  • Women shouldn’t talk about sex
  • Women should look like models
  • Women are nurturers: they give, men receive
  • There is only one right way to have an orgasm
A

Traditional Female Sexual Scripts: Barbach

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44
Q

There are striking ethnic differences in what?

A

female roles
- American middle-class Whites: women as wives and mothers. Recently includes work outside the home
- African Americans: more egalitarian roles for men and women
- Latinas: women subordinate to men out of respect; gender role affected by age

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45
Q

Contemporary gender roles

A
  • Women’s roles have changed
  • Men’s roles have changed
  • Must include diverse groups
  • Egalitarian approach to gender roles
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46
Q

Contemporary sexual scripts

A
  • Sexual expression is positive
  • Sexual activities involve a mutual exchange of erotic pleasure
  • Sexuality is equally involving, and both partners are equally responsible
  • Legitimate sexual activities are not limited to intercourse but also include masturbation and oral-genital sex
  • Sexual activities may be initiated by either partner
  • Both partners have a right to experience orgasm, whether through intercourse, oral-genital sex, or manual stimulation
  • Non-marital sex is acceptable within a relationship context
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47
Q

discrimination against people based on their sex

A

Sexism

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48
Q

The women’s movement

A

Enactment of title IX in 1972
- Female high school athletic participation increased by more than 900%
- Female college athletic participation has increased by almost 500%
- Women make up about 45% of the athlete population at NCAA schools while accounting for about 55% of the student body
- There are still significantly fewer women than men in administrative and coaching positions

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49
Q

What has had many influences on gender as well as social and legal issues?

A

women’s movement

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50
Q

Educational gains for women

A
  • Women earned about 57% of all college degrees in 2008
  • 59% of graduate school enrollment
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51
Q

closing the Gender gap

A
  • Get honest before you get angry
  • Establish system for sharing chores and childcare
  • Negotiate the division of labor and the division of love
  • Do not get locked into your role
  • Express your emotional needs
  • Review the cultural messages of your childhood
  • Give each other time to change
  • Accept your differences and affirm strengths
  • Protect you intimate time together
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52
Q

refers to mental image we have of our own physical appearance

A

Body image

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53
Q
  • influences much of our behavior and self-esteem
  • growing in importance
  • growing gap between population’s weight and body preferences
A

body image

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54
Q

How does body image influence behaviors and relationships?

A

“Sexual experiences affect our body image, and our body image affects our sexual experiences.”

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55
Q

body shame and body self-consciousness during sexual activity negatively correlated with sexual satisfaction

A

Claudat and Warren (2014)

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56
Q

consuming sports media and watching reality television were best media predictors of men’s judgments about women’s bodies

A

Maumen, et al (2015)

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57
Q

as body dissatisfaction increases, one’s self-efficacy regarding the use of condoms diminishes

A

Blashill and Safren (2015)

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58
Q

Elusive perfect body

A

Bodies closest to “perfect” are, to a large extent, born that way

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59
Q

The “ideal body” what?

A

changes over time

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60
Q

Study of American and European college students asked to pick a body type that they thought women would find attractive

A

Men: chose man with 20-30 more pounds of muscle than a normal guy
Women: chose normal-sized man most of the time

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61
Q

Popular culture presents us with countless images of what it means to be what?

A

sexual

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62
Q
  • Keeps sexual behavior visible
  • Reinforces a consistent set of sexual and relationship norms
  • Rarely include sexually responsible models
A

Media

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63
Q

Sexuality in media is a form of what?

A

persuasive communication that is altering patterns of social communication and interpersonal relationships

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64
Q

Media messages about sexuality

A

meant to entertain and exploit, not to inform
- doesn’t present “real” depictions of sexuality
presents the social context of sexuality
- tells us what behaviors are appropriate
- with whom they are appropriate
- why they are appropriate

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65
Q

LGBTQ+ in the media: Historically

A
  • absent from mainstream films
  • presented stereotypically
  • storyline solely on sexual orientation
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66
Q

Television genres emphasize what?

A

different types of content

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67
Q

comedy series

A

taboos

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68
Q

soap operas

A

sexual transgressions

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69
Q

crime/action

A

sexual variation

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70
Q

drama series

A

situations

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71
Q

commercials

A

influence attitudes

72
Q

music videos

A

individual expression

73
Q

games

A

exploitation & aggression

74
Q

beyond media exposure, awareness and internalization of sociocultural ideals appear to be significant predictors of body image disturbance

A

Bryla (2002)

75
Q

women feel unhappy with their body after looking at images of thin, idealized models
- Men experience similar influences and effects
- Video games may have influence on body image

A

Ashikali and Dittmar (2011)

76
Q

Body dissatisfaction stimulates us to spend lots of what?

A

resources—including time, money and energy—trying to fix our flaw.

77
Q

American Eagle/Aerie have not photoshopped models since

A

2014

78
Q

condition in which individual severely limits caloric intake

A

anorexia nervosa

79
Q

condition in which individual periodically binges and purges, with an obsessive fear of becoming fat

A

Bulimia nervosa

80
Q

characterized by recurrent binge eating but not by inappropriate weight control behaviors

A

binge-eating disorder

81
Q

sports and dieting

A
  • Eating disorders may be gravest health problem facing female athletes
  • Eating disorders common among athletes
  • Weight and dieting pay major role in endurance sports
82
Q
  • Severely limiting caloric intake
  • Fears gaining weight even though they may already be underweight
  • Disturbance in the way that personal body weight or shape is viewed
  • Can be fatal (10% of all cases result in death)
  • Cause thought to be psychological and environmental factors
A

Anorexia Nervosa

83
Q

any extreme means to get rid of calories

A

purging

84
Q
  • Purging
  • Guilt and extreme dieting after binging
  • Feeling out of control while binging
A

Bulimia Nervosa

85
Q
  • Majority are obese
  • Compulsive overeaters
  • Eat rapidly, more than normal to the point they feel uncomfortable, eating when not hungry, eating alone, feeling disgusted/guilty after
  • Feeling as though they can’t control how much or stop eating
A

Binge-eating disorder

86
Q

disorder whereby body builder in top shape considers him or herself to be puny

A

Muscle dysmorphia or bigorexia or reverse anorexia

87
Q
  • Characterized by overwhelming compulsion with accruing large amounts of lean mass
  • Occurs mainly in men
  • Preoccupied by irrational thoughts regarding perceived small muscular development
  • Can have significant effects physically, socially, vocationally, emotionally, mentally, etc.
A

Muscle dysmorphia

88
Q
  • Becoming serious problem among adolescent males
  • Trend towards steroid use by females much the same as for males
  • Negative effects on males and females
  • “Adonis complex”
A

Steroid use

89
Q
  • Increases pleasure because of heightened sensitivity
  • Increases risk of infection (including STIs) during healing (~6 months)
  • Becomes desensitized over time
A

Genital piercings

90
Q

Building a better self-image

A
  • Do not feel need to apologize for “flaws”
  • Be careful about basing own body image on what you see and hear in ads
  • Should be free to be yourself
  • Way you move your body can indicate how you feel about yourself
  • Health and appearance are different things
  • Accept and value your genes
  • Surround self with people who are supportive
  • Treat your body with respect and kindness
  • Unfollow social media pages that make you feel bad about yourself
91
Q

Steps to positive self-talk

A

1) envision your ideal life, then craft an encouraging phrase that makes it sound as if what you desire is already a reality
2) Stop any negative thought and repeat your mantra whenever you start to bad-mouth yourself. You’ll retrain your brain to focus on the positive, and not the negative.
3) Adopt a positive saying, and give yourself a talking-to

92
Q

refers to one’s erotic, romantic, and affectional attraction to the same gender, to other genders, or to several or all genders.

A

Sexual orientation

93
Q
  • formerly used to describe sexual orientation
  • this terminology should be avoided
  • sexual orientation = preferred language
A

sexual preference

94
Q

4 key components of identity

A
  1. body
  2. mind
  3. appearance
  4. attraction
95
Q

body

A

biological sex

96
Q

mind

A

gender identity

97
Q

appearance

A

gender expression

98
Q

attraction

A

sexual orientation

99
Q

refers to one’s internal understanding of one’s own gender, or the gender with which a person identifies

A

gender identity

100
Q

a term used to describe someone’s outward presentation of their gender.

A

gender expression

101
Q

term used to describe typically masculine norms, expression

A

man

102
Q

term used to describe typically feminine norms, expression

A

woman

103
Q

a term to refer to people whose gender identity is the same as the sex they were assigned at birth

A

Cisgender (cis)

104
Q

appearance and qualities regarded as characteristics of men.

A

masculine

105
Q

appearance and qualities regarded as characteristics of women.

A

Feminine

106
Q

appearance and behavior does not conform to traditional societal gender “norms”

A

Gender Non-conforming

107
Q

an umbrella term for genders that are not exclusively male or female.

A

Gender non-binary

108
Q

Dimensions of sexual orientation

A
  1. identity
  2. behavior
  3. attraction
109
Q

A person who identifies as a woman who is attracted to other women

A

lesbian

110
Q

A person who identifies as a man who is attracted to other men

A

gay

111
Q

A person attracted to more than one sex or gender identity though not necessarily simultaneously, in the same way, or to the same degree

A

Bisexual

112
Q

Using the chosen name of a trans person

A

71% decrease in depression
34% decrease in suicidal ideation
65% decrease in suicidal behavior or attempts

113
Q

Kinsey continuum

A

refers only to homosexual or heterosexual behavior

114
Q
  • Homosexual behavior limited to circumstances in which members of the same gender are deprived of contact with the other gender
  • Distinction between specific behavior and sexual orientation
A

Situational homosexuality

115
Q

Asexuality

A

about 1%

116
Q

Bisexuality

A

about 1-2%

117
Q

Homosexuality in the population

A

2-4% nationwide

118
Q

Heterosexuality in the population

A

+90%

119
Q

hostility toward those who identify as bisexual

A

Biphobia

120
Q

Bisexual adolescents experience lower rates of

A
  • Family connectiveness
  • School connectiveness
  • Religious involvement
121
Q

includes all kinds of sexual expression and sexual relationships that can exist in humans

A

pansexuality

122
Q

sexual orientation in which person does not experience sexual attraction

A

asexuality

123
Q

An irrational fear of homosexuality in others, a fear of homosexual feeling within oneself, or an unhappiness with one’s own homosexuality

A

Homophobia

124
Q

Stages of coming out:

A
  1. Acknowledging
  2. Accepting
  3. Openly expressing one’s homosexuality
125
Q

Started with a raid by the New York City police on Stonewall gay bar in June 28, 1969

A

Gay rights movement

125
Q

Started with a raid by the New York City police on Stonewall gay bar in June 28, 1969

A

Gay rights movement

126
Q

Started with a raid by the New York City police on Stonewall gay bar in June 28, 1969

A

Gay rights movement

127
Q

no or low level of education about the LGBTQ+ terminology and community, but tolerant of LGBTQ+ persons

A

low level comfort

128
Q

have some level of education, knowledgeable of terminology, and have respect for LGBTQ+ persons

A

Moderate-level comfort

129
Q

actively seek education, knowledgeable of current terminology, and openly supportive of LGBTQ+ persons

A

High-level comfort

130
Q

allies with Low-level of comfort goal

A

Don’t make it worse for anyone who is LGBTQ+ and educate yourself to increase your knowledge and comfort

131
Q

allies with moderate-level of comfort goal

A

Stand up for LGBTQ+ persons and against those who bully, and actively show small signs of support for the LGBTQ+ community

132
Q

allies with high level of comfort goal

A

Actively and visibly show your support to others

133
Q

advocates with moderate-level of comfort goal

A

Actions taken to actively educate others

134
Q

advocates with high-level of comfort goal

A

Actions taken to make modification within the school system to improve the quality of life of LGBTQ+ students

135
Q

All _ have high levels of comfort and should have a high level of education of the LGBTQ+ community and issues
- goal: Make intentional actions to promote social and political justice

A

activists

136
Q

One of the biggest myths is that

A

sex should not be planned

137
Q

If you are relying on non-verbal communication,

A

you are guessing

138
Q

the process of deciding what someone else’s choice is. You can’t make their choice for them. You ask and you adhere to what they agree to or don’t agree to.

A

Consent

139
Q

What to do if you (or your partner) is uncomfortable with direct communication:

A
  • own the awkwardness
  • talk to them side-by-side instead of face-to-face
  • Sext
140
Q

refers to any sexual activity that is non-consensual

A

Sexual assault and abuse

141
Q

broad term for sexual activity performed against a persons will

A

sexual aggression

142
Q

arguing, pleading, and insincere flattery, as well as force and threat of force

A

sexual coercion

143
Q

unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact that stops short of rape or attempted rape

A

Sexual assault

144
Q

is forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent

A

rape

145
Q

Most common form of rape

A

Acquaintance/date rape

146
Q

Least common form of rape

A

stranger rape

147
Q

all states have legislation

A

marital rape

148
Q

men with strong bonds

A

gang rape

149
Q

States define age of consent; age differences may or may not matter

A

statutory rape

150
Q

under reported

A

male rape

151
Q

physically violent

A

anger rape

152
Q

dominance to restore sense of control

A

power rape

153
Q
  • least frequent
  • severe injury or death
A

sadistic rape

154
Q

Principal motive of rape is what?

A

power

155
Q

% of women that experience date rape

A

13-27

156
Q

Drugs/alcohol use by assailant or victim in _% of date rape cases

A

70

157
Q

only cause of rape

A

rapists

158
Q

refers to primary or exclusive sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children

A

pedophilia

159
Q

Pedophiles have been known to use the Internet in at least two different ways:

A
  1. Trust-based seductive model
  2. Direct sexual model
160
Q

abuse by unrelated people

A

Extra familial child sexual abuse

161
Q

abuse by relatives, step relatives

A

Intra familial child sexual abuse

162
Q

sexual abuse—abuse not sexually motivated, usually to get power, affection

A

Nonpedophilic

163
Q

Effects of child sexual abuse: initial effects

A
  • emotional disturbances
  • physical consequences
  • sexual disturbances
  • social disturbances
164
Q

Inappropriately associate sexual behaviors and emotions

A

traumatic sexualization

165
Q

Adult survivors find trust difficult, may become dependent or angry

A

betrayal

166
Q

Fear, anxiety, sense of lack of control

A

powerlessness

167
Q

guilt, shame

A

stigmatization

168
Q

Child abuse prevention (CAP) programs aimed at three audiences:

A
  1. children
  2. parents
  3. professionals
169
Q

Requires notification of sex offenders in the community

A

Megan’s Law 1997

170
Q

is sexual behavior between relatives who are too closely related to be married.

A

Incest

171
Q

pattern of abusive and coercive behaviors used to maintain power and control over a former or current intimate partner.

A

relationship abuse

172
Q

Different types of relationship abuse

A
  1. technology abuse
  2. physical abuse
  3. academic abuse
  4. economic abuse
173
Q

heterosexual bias

A

heterosexism

174
Q

unwelcome verbal, physical, or sexual conduct that has the effect of creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment.

A

sexual harassment

175
Q

Two types of sexual harassment

A
  1. abuse of power for sexual ends
  2. creation of a hostile environment
176
Q

Whether flirtation is sexual harassment depends on three (3) factors:

A
  1. whether you have equal power
  2. whether you are approached appropriately
    appropriate vs offensive
  3. whether you wish to continue contac

Spring 2023 (10 decks)

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