Human Senses Flashcards
What is olfactory fatigue
Temporary normal inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to the airborne compound
How do we hear sounds?
The ear collects and processes sounds but it is the brain and the central nervous system that actually hear
What is the vestibular apparatus responsible for?
Balance
Who gave us the 5 haptic categories and when?
Heslin 1974
High noise levels during a single eight hour period can lead to what?
Vasoconstriction leading to a statistical rise in blood pressure and increased incidence of coronary artery disease
How do we use ultrasound to view babies?
Ultrasoundtravels through a medium and then bounces back a reflect image of what lies within the medium
What is amplitude?
Ampllitude is the change in atmospheric pressure during a single oscillation of sound wave
How is sound similar to touch?
They are both forms of mechanosensation meaning that they both respond to mechanical stimuli and then convert them into neuronal signals
Where is the primary neuron located
In the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve
What are steriocillia?
Hair like structures on the hair cells in the cochlea. They create electrical signals from the mechanical energy produced by the movement of the fluid in the inner ear
What is the threshold of pain?
130dB
Sound is made of what?
waves of pressure
Nociceptors have two different types of Axons, what are they and what signal do they transmit?
AΩ Fast pain, C fiber axons Slow pain.
What is the pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioceptive information?
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
What is the pathway responsible for transmitting information about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch?
Ventral Spinothalmic pathway
What causes neuropathic pain?
damage or disease affecting any part of the nervous system.
What is ultrasound?
Any sound with a frequency greater than 20,000Hz
What are the six types of pain?
Acute pain, Chronic pain, Phantom pain, Cutaneous pain, Somatic pain, Visceral pain
When do women have the strongest sense of olfaction
Ovulation
What does loudness have to do with?
Loudness has to do with amplitude – the change in atmospheric pressure created by sound waves
What causes nociceptive pain?
Stimulation of the peripheral nerve fibers that respond only to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity
There are 3 different types of nociceptors what are they?
Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal.
What are some common sources of noise pollution?
• Traffic • Loud music • Machinery • Office equipment • Factories • Other forms of transport • Appliances • Lighting hum • Power tools • Construction equipment
What are ossicles?
The bones of the middle ear
What is the exchange rate of 3dB to do with?
Long term exposure to environmental noise. The length of a safe duration decreases by half when the amplitude increases by 3
What is infrasound?
Any sound with a frequency less than 20Hz
Which cranial nerve may result in hearing loss if there is abnormalities?
The eighth cranial nerve
What pain does the paleospinothalamic tract transmit?
Slow pain
What is EPS?
Echo positioning system is how we localise sounds by comparing differing loudness and arrival times of sounds in each ear. This is processed in the central nervous system.
What is odour
Chemicals dissolved in the air that activate the olfactory system
Why are women more sensitive to higher frequencies?
To hear crying babies
What are the two ways sound proofing affects sound?
noise reduction and noise absorption
What is Audition?
Audition is the scientific name for the sense of sound
What is anosmia
Inability to perceive odors
Name the 3 bones of the middle ear
Incus, Maleus and Stapes
What does the Eustachean tube do?
Equalises pressure between the nose and the throat
What is the speed of sound in dry air at 20 degrees C?
330 m/s
What is the tympanic membrane made of?
A single piece of yellow fibro cartilage
What affects pitch?
Frequency
Humans have approximately how many functional odor genes
347
Compliance, Attention getting and Announcing a response are all forms of what sort of touch?
Control touches
What are the 5 layers of the olfactory bulb
Glomerular, external plexiform, mitral cell, internal plexiform, granule cell
What is the range of human hearing?
20Hz to 20,000Hz
What is noise pollution?
Unpleasant and disruptive machine or human created sound
What is olfaction
Sense of smell
What are the two theories of olfaction
Shape theory and vibration theory
Where do sound signals travel after the thalamus?
After the thalamus signal travel to the primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
How do noise cancellation generators work?
Microphone picks up sound and then a computer analyses it and emits sound waves with reverse polarity
Why is relaxing music important in the spa?
Relaxes the client Part of the wider spa experience and ambience Helps to mask external noise
What are the main medications that cause hearing damage?
Aminoglycosides (antibiotics)
