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🌈BIOLOGY YEAR 12 > Human Reproductive > Flashcards

Human Reproductive Flashcards

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1
Q

Ovary

A

Produces an egg every 28 days

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2
Q

Oviduct

A

Where fertilisation takes place

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3
Q

Uterus wall

A

Placenta will develop supply foetus with food and oxygen

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4
Q

Testes

A

Produces sperm cells

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5
Q

Urethra

A

Transport sperm and urine out of body

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6
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac that holds and protects testes

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7
Q

Sperm tube

A

Structure that carries sperm from testes to penis

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8
Q

Prostate gland

A

Male gland that adds fluid to nourish the sperm

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9
Q

Cervix

A

Opening of the uterus

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10
Q

Sperm cells

A

Specialised cells formed by meiosis and are adapted to their function by having a haploid nucleus, mitochondria for energy production and a flagellum for swimming

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11
Q

Sperm cell tail

A

Fagellum

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12
Q

Fertilisation

A

Takes place in the oviduct when the haploid sperm and egg nuclei fuse to give a diploid zygote

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13
Q

What happens after the zygote is formed

A

Divides by mitosis many times to from a ball of cells as it travels down the oviduct to the uterus

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14
Q

After implantation

A

After implantation in the uterus lining, the embryo then differentiates to produce a variety of tissues and organs

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15
Q

How is placenta adapted for diffusion

A

Large SA for exchanging dissolved nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and urea.

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16
Q

Villi

A

Increase the SA over which the exchange of materials between the mother and the foetus can occur.

17
Q

How are substances carried to the foetus

A

Blood vessels in the umbilical cord

18
Q

What cushions the foetus

A

Amnion and amniotic fluid

19
Q

Male sex Hormone

A

Testosterone- produced by testes

20
Q

Female sex Hormone

A

Oestrogen - produced by ovary

21
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics in males

A

🍄body hair and public hair develops
🍄body becomes more muscular
🍄voice deepens

22
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics in females

A

🍄hair growth in public regions and armpits
🍄hips widen, breasts develop
🍄menstrulation starts

23
Q

Contraception, mechanical

A 
Condom
Prevents sperm from entering the females body 
✔️protects against STI
✔️easy to obtain 
❌can be unreliable if not used properly

Diaphragm
Covers cervix so sperm cannot pass into the uterus and into the oviduct
✔️reliable when used properly
❌does not protect against STIs

24
Q

Problem with STIs

A

HIV lead to AIDS

Some of which can lead to infertility if left untreated eg chlamydia

25
Q

Contraception, Chemical

A 
Contraceptive pill
Change hormone levels and stop the development of the ovum 
✔️very reliable when used properly 
❌side effects eg weight gain
❌does not protect against STIs

Contraceptive implant
Releases progestin prevents eggs being released
✔️last up to 3 years
❌does not protect against STI

26
Q

Contraception- Surgical

A

Vasectomy
Sperm ducts cut so sperm cannot travel into urethra
✔️exceptionally reliable
❌difficult to reverse. Does not protect against STIs

Female sterilisation
Cutting of oviducts prevent ovum meting sperm
✔️exceptionally reliable
❌difficult to reverse. Does not protect against STIs

27
Q

Problem with contraception

A

Raise ethnical issues

28
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

1-7 during menstruation , lining uterus wall breaks down and leaves body via vagina as menstrual blood

8-14 lining of the uterus starts to repair itself and thicken, in preparation for implantation if a pregnancy occurs

14 ovulation occurs; ovum releases from ovary and travels into oviduct

15-28 if egg fertilised in oviduct, resulting embryo implant in thickened lining of uterus and menstruation will stop until after baby born

If no pregnancy should occur the thickened lining will start to break down again and will be shed during menstruation at the start of the next menstrual cycle

29
Q

Role of oestrogen in menstrual cycle

A

🍄produced by ovaries
🍄causes repair and development of uterus wall
🍄interacts with other hormones to ensure that only one egg matures per cycle and that this mature egg is released from the ovary

30
Q

Role of progesterone in menstrual cycle

A

🍄produced by the ovaries
🍄maintains the lining of the uterus during the middle part of the cycle and during pregnancy
🍄prevents further release of eggs when levels are high

31
Q

Fertility problems

A

🍄failure of ovary to produce eggs
🍄oviducts may be blocked or twisted, possibly due to infection
🍄lining of uterus does not develop properly to enable implantation to occur
🍄vagina may be to hostile to sperm entering eg lining too acidic
🍄males may not produce enough sperm
🍄Sperm may have poor mobility

32
Q

IVF stand for

A

In vitro fertilisation

33
Q

Steps 1 to IVF

A

Once natural cycle stopped, woman is given daily injections of fertility hormones for about 12 days.

The Hormone will increase number of eggs that the ovaries produce. Means more eggs collected and fertilised

34
Q

Step 2 to IVF

A

eggs collected under ultrasound guidance. Involves a needle being inserted through the vagina and into each ovary. The eggs are then collected through the needle. Occurs before ovulation, egg easier to find while still in ovary

35
Q

Step 3 to IVF

A

Man asked to provide a sperm sample

36
Q

Step 4 to IVF

A

Eggs that have been collected are mixed with the sperm in a Petri dish in the laboratory. After 16-20 hrs they’re checked to see if any have been fertilised. The cells that have been fertilised undergo mitosis to from a ball of cells, in the lab, for 1-5 days. Best one or two embryos chosen for transfer

37
Q

Step 5 of IVF

A

Embryos are introduced to the uterus via the vagina.
HFEA recommend max of 2 embryos replaced in the womb. Multiple embryo replacement carry risk of multiple births. Associated with a significant increased risk of premature labour.
Any embryo left are frozen for future IVF attempts

🌈BIOLOGY YEAR 12 (6 decks)

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