Human Reproductive

Question 1

Ovary

Answer 1

Produces an egg every 28 days

Question 2

Oviduct

Answer 2

Where fertilisation takes place

Question 3

Uterus wall

Answer 3

Placenta will develop supply foetus with food and oxygen

Question 4

Testes

Answer 4

Produces sperm cells

Question 5

Urethra

Answer 5

Transport sperm and urine out of body

Question 6

Scrotum

Answer 6

Sac that holds and protects testes

Question 7

Sperm tube

Answer 7

Structure that carries sperm from testes to penis

Question 8

Prostate gland

Answer 8

Male gland that adds fluid to nourish the sperm

Question 9

Cervix

Answer 9

Opening of the uterus

Question 10

Sperm cells

Answer 10

Specialised cells formed by meiosis and are adapted to their function by having a haploid nucleus, mitochondria for energy production and a flagellum for swimming

Question 11

Sperm cell tail

Answer 11

Fagellum

Question 12

Fertilisation

Answer 12

Takes place in the oviduct when the haploid sperm and egg nuclei fuse to give a diploid zygote

Question 13

What happens after the zygote is formed

Answer 13

Divides by mitosis many times to from a ball of cells as it travels down the oviduct to the uterus

Question 14

After implantation

Answer 14

After implantation in the uterus lining, the embryo then differentiates to produce a variety of tissues and organs

Question 15

How is placenta adapted for diffusion

Answer 15

Large SA for exchanging dissolved nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and urea.

Question 16

Villi

Answer 16

Increase the SA over which the exchange of materials between the mother and the foetus can occur.

Question 17

How are substances carried to the foetus

Answer 17

Blood vessels in the umbilical cord

Question 18

What cushions the foetus

Answer 18

Amnion and amniotic fluid

Question 19

Male sex Hormone

Answer 19

Testosterone- produced by testes

Question 20

Female sex Hormone

Answer 20

Oestrogen - produced by ovary

Question 21

Secondary sexual characteristics in males

Answer 21

🍄body hair and public hair develops
🍄body becomes more muscular
🍄voice deepens

Question 22

Secondary sexual characteristics in females

Answer 22

🍄hair growth in public regions and armpits
🍄hips widen, breasts develop
🍄menstrulation starts

Question 23

Contraception, mechanical

Answer 23

Condom
Prevents sperm from entering the females body 
✔️protects against STI
✔️easy to obtain 
❌can be unreliable if not used properly 

Diaphragm
Covers cervix so sperm cannot pass into the uterus and into the oviduct
✔️reliable when used properly
❌does not protect against STIs

Question 24

Problem with STIs

Answer 24

HIV lead to AIDS

Some of which can lead to infertility if left untreated eg chlamydia

Question 25

Contraception, Chemical

Answer 25

``` Contraceptive pill Change hormone levels and stop the development of the ovum ✔️very reliable when used properly ❌side effects eg weight gain ❌does not protect against STIs ``` Contraceptive implant Releases progestin prevents eggs being released ✔️last up to 3 years ❌does not protect against STI

Question 26

Contraception- Surgical

Answer 26

Vasectomy Sperm ducts cut so sperm cannot travel into urethra ✔️exceptionally reliable ❌difficult to reverse. Does not protect against STIs Female sterilisation Cutting of oviducts prevent ovum meting sperm ✔️exceptionally reliable ❌difficult to reverse. Does not protect against STIs

Question 27

Problem with contraception

Answer 27

Raise ethnical issues

Question 28

Menstrual cycle

Answer 28

1-7 during menstruation , lining uterus wall breaks down and leaves body via vagina as menstrual blood 8-14 lining of the uterus starts to repair itself and thicken, in preparation for implantation if a pregnancy occurs 14 ovulation occurs; ovum releases from ovary and travels into oviduct 15-28 if egg fertilised in oviduct, resulting embryo implant in thickened lining of uterus and menstruation will stop until after baby born If no pregnancy should occur the thickened lining will start to break down again and will be shed during menstruation at the start of the next menstrual cycle

Question 29

Role of oestrogen in menstrual cycle

Answer 29

🍄produced by ovaries 🍄causes repair and development of uterus wall 🍄interacts with other hormones to ensure that only one egg matures per cycle and that this mature egg is released from the ovary

Question 30

Role of progesterone in menstrual cycle

Answer 30

🍄produced by the ovaries 🍄maintains the lining of the uterus during the middle part of the cycle and during pregnancy 🍄prevents further release of eggs when levels are high

Question 31

Fertility problems

Answer 31

🍄failure of ovary to produce eggs 🍄oviducts may be blocked or twisted, possibly due to infection 🍄lining of uterus does not develop properly to enable implantation to occur 🍄vagina may be to hostile to sperm entering eg lining too acidic 🍄males may not produce enough sperm 🍄Sperm may have poor mobility

Question 32

IVF stand for

Answer 32

In vitro fertilisation

Question 33

Steps 1 to IVF

Answer 33

Once natural cycle stopped, woman is given daily injections of fertility hormones for about 12 days. The Hormone will increase number of eggs that the ovaries produce. Means more eggs collected and fertilised

Question 34

Step 2 to IVF

Answer 34

eggs collected under ultrasound guidance. Involves a needle being inserted through the vagina and into each ovary. The eggs are then collected through the needle. Occurs before ovulation, egg easier to find while still in ovary

Question 35

Step 3 to IVF

Answer 35

Man asked to provide a sperm sample

Question 36

Step 4 to IVF

Answer 36

Eggs that have been collected are mixed with the sperm in a Petri dish in the laboratory. After 16-20 hrs they’re checked to see if any have been fertilised. The cells that have been fertilised undergo mitosis to from a ball of cells, in the lab, for 1-5 days. Best one or two embryos chosen for transfer

Question 37

Step 5 of IVF

Answer 37

Embryos are introduced to the uterus via the vagina. HFEA recommend max of 2 embryos replaced in the womb. Multiple embryo replacement carry risk of multiple births. Associated with a significant increased risk of premature labour. Any embryo left are frozen for future IVF attempts