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🌈BIOLOGY YEAR 12 > Health, Disease, Defence Mechanisms And Treatments > Flashcards

Health, Disease, Defence Mechanisms And Treatments Flashcards

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1
Q

Heath

A

Being free from communicable and non communicable disease

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2
Q

Cost to the NHS

A

☀️spend billions of pounds each year on treating and looking after people who are ill

☀️doctors and nurses and other staff salaries

☀️upkeep of hospitals and health centres

☀️drugs and medicines

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3
Q

Pathogens

A

Microbes that cause disease

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4
Q

HIV which leads to AIDS

A

💧virus

💧spread by- exchange of body fluids during sex
-infected blood

💧using a condom will reduce risk of infection
Drug addicts don’t share needles
No cure for AIDS

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5
Q

Colds and flu

A

Virus

💧airborne (droplet infection)

💧flu vaccination for targeted groups

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6
Q

HPV

Human papilloma virus

A

Virus

💧spread by sexual contact

💧HPV vaccination offered to 12-13 year old girls to protect against developing cervical cancer

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7
Q

Salmonella

A

💫bacterium

💫from contaminated food

💫cook foods thoroughly. Don’t mix cooked and uncooked food. Treat with antibiotics

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8
Q

Chlamydia

A

☄️bacterium

☄️sexual contact

☄️using a condom with reduce risk of infection. Treat with antibiotics

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9
Q

Tuberculosis

A

💧Bacterium

💧airborne (droplet infection)

💧BCG vaccination. Treat with antibiotics

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10
Q

Athletes foot

A

🌪fungus

🌪spread by contact

🌪avoid direct contact in areas where spores are present eg wear flip flops in changing rooms/swimming pools

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11
Q

Potato blight

A

🌪fungus

🌪spores spread in the air from plant to plant particularly in humid and warm conditions

🌪crop rotation and spraying plants with a fungicide

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12
Q

Why do you use aseptic technique

A

Prevent contamination and the growth of unwanted pathogenic microorganism

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13
Q

Why do you heat the inoculating loop?

Why do you cool the loop?

A

Sterilise it

So not to kill the bacteria that your transferring to petri dish

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14
Q

Why do you flame the neck of the culture bottle

A

Prevent bacteria escaping

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15
Q

Why is the Petri dish lid held at an angle

A

Prevent bacteria from air contaminating the dish

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16
Q

Why is the Petri dish sealed with tape

A

Prevent harmful bacteria escaping

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17
Q

Why is the Petri dish incubated at 25°C

A

Reduces risk of growing pathogenic microorganism. Don’t grow at 37°C

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18
Q

Why is the Petri dish inverted during incubation

A

Prevent condensation on lid dropping onto culture

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19
Q

Why is nutrient agar used

A

Provide food and moisture for bacteria

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20
Q

Body defence mechanisms

How do we stop/prevent infection?

A

Skin- excellent barrier stops microorganism entering our body

Mucous membrane- lining nose and respiratory tract trap dust and microorganisms and expel them

Clotting if blood- closes wounds prevent blood loss and further entry of microbes

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21
Q

Antigens and antibodies

A

🌸invading microorganism have protein on their surface that the body recognised as foreign

🌸these proteins are called ANTIGENS and they cause white blood cells called lymphocytes to produce ANTIBODIES

🌸antibodies have a complementary shape to the antigen

🌸antibody patch on to antigens linking together. This clumping, immobilises the bacteria preventing their spread and reducing symptoms in the patient.

🌸It also makes them a larger target for destruction by white blood cells called phagocytes

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22
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes move around the body in blood destroying microorganism directly or destroying those trapped by antibodies.

🌷Engulfs and digests the microorganism
🌷Secretes enzymes which digest the microorganism destroying it

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23
Q

Antibiotics

A

Eg penicillin

Chemicals produced by fungi that are used against bacterial diseases to kill bacteria or reduce there growth

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24
Q

Primary response

A

After initial infection, it takes time for the specific antibody to be produced to the antigen. Patient feels unwell before infection is cleared

25
Q

Secondary immune response

A

After infection, the body produces memory lymphocytes they remain in the body for many years- these respond quickly and produce antibodies of the body is infected again by the same microorganism

Antibodies response is more rapid and higher level of antibodies produced

26
Q

Active immunity

Natural

A

🌸this immunity develops through having the disease

🌸specific antibodies are made to a pathogen

🌸memory cells are made, secondary response much more rapid upon reexposure to same pathogen.

Body makes own antibodies
Lasts for life

27
Q

Active immunity

Passive

A

🌸vaccination with a dead or modified form of the pathogen that will not actually cause the disease but still produce an immune response.

🌸antibodies level in blood will rise and the body will make memory lymphocytes

Lasts for life

28
Q

Passive immunity

Natural

A

Antibodies are passed from mother across placenta and in the mother milk to child.

Crucial protection against antigens in first few months of life

Foetus can only be given antibodies the mother has encountered

Last few months

29
Q

Passive immunity

Artificial

A

Ready made injection of antibodies.

Immediate protection is given and can be life saving.

Short lived

No memory lymphocytes made

30
Q

Why are booster injections given

A

The booster injection produces antibodies quicker and in larger volume. The person has now a higher level of antibodies and more memory lymphocytes and is now more immune to the disease.

31
Q

Antibiotics definition

A

Eg penicillin are chemicals produced by fungi which are used against bacterial disease to kill bacteria or reduce growth

32
Q

Overuse of antibiotics leads to

A

Bacterial resistance resulting in the development of superbugs eg MRS.

Procedures to reduce the incident of superbugs

33
Q

Procedures to reduce the incident of superbugs and why they are difficult to eradicate

A
  1. Not overusing antibiotics when not needed eg viral infection
  2. Increased levels of hygiene (wearing gloves and immediate cleaning of spillages/ staff and visitors wash hands or use hand gels)
  3. Isolation of patient that have contracted a ‘superbug’ like MRSA
34
Q

Vaccinations

A

Use modified disease-causing organisms to produce raised antibodies level and memory lymphocytes in the blood

35
Q

Non communicable diseases consequence of

A

Inherited- some people may carry a gene that predisposes them to some cancers

Lifestyle

36
Q

Poor diet

A

Excess sugar and fat

Lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes

37
Q

Lack of exercise

A

Energy used in exercise being lower than energy intake is the cause of obesity

38
Q

Overexposure to the sun

A

UV radiation causes mutations leading to skin cancer

39
Q

Misuse of alcohol

A

Binge drinking can cause liver damage and affect foetal development (foetal alcohol syndrome)

40
Q

Tobacco smoke

A

Tar can cause bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer

Nicotine addictive and affects heart rate

Carbon monoxide combines with red blood cells to reduce oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

41
Q

Bronchitis

A

Narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles

42
Q

Emphysema

A

Damage to alveoli reducing the SA for gas exchange

43
Q

Lung cancer

A

Abnormal cell devision

44
Q

Why do smokers have low levels of energy

A

Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen carried therefore a lower rate of respiration and energy release

45
Q

Cause of a heart attack

A

Blockage caused by a build up of cholesterol deposits leads to clot formation

Restricted blood flow means less oxygen and glucose reaching cells and the resulting reduced cell respiration leads to cell death

Blockage in the Coronary blood vessel restricts blood flow to the heart muscle and causes death of heart muscle cells

46
Q

How does a stroke happen

A

Blockage in blood vessel to the brain causes death of brain cells resulting in reduced brain function

47
Q

Treatments for cardiovascular disease

Angioplasty and stents

A
  1. A catheter is inserted into the patients coronary artery
  2. The catheter has a balloon at its end.
  3. It also contains a tube of thin wire mesh called a stent
  4. When the ballon is inflated, it squashes the plaque stretching the narrowed artery
  5. As the ballon is inflated the stent expands which holds the artery open
  6. Finally, catheter is removed, leaving the stent in place
48
Q

Lifestyles factors increase or reduce risk of heart disease and strokes

A

Excess dietary fats
Smoking
Stress
Lack of exercise

49
Q

Treatments for cardiovascular disease

Statins and aspirin

A

Stains are drugs help lower cholesterol in the blood and therefore the rate at which blood vessels can become clogged up with fatty deposits. Statins need to be taken long tong. Cholesterol levels will rise again if person stops

Aspirin helps thin the blood and makes it less sticky reducing the risk of a clot forming

50
Q

Cancer definition

A

Uncontrollable cell devision which produces cancer cells, which can result in two types of tumour.

51
Q

Benign tumour

A

Encapsulated and not spreading

52
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Capable of spreading

53
Q

Names of both types of tumour

A

Benign

Malignant

54
Q

Lifestyle choices can affect the risk of developing certain types of cancer

A

Cervical - HPV vaccination
Lung- smoking
Skin- UV radiation

55
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Can be passed from one person (organism) to another. Described as infectious disease

56
Q

Non communicable disease

A

Not passed from one person to another

57
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Set Bunsen on blue flame

Pass inoculating loop through flame until red hot

Allow metal to cool

Remove lid and place loop into bacterial culture to coat it

Flame the neck of the bottle by passing it through the Bunsen

Gently spread microbes over surface of agar plate using loop. Hold Petri dish at an angle to prevent contamination with air

Heat metal loop again until red hot

Tape Petri dish in 4 places and then incubate upside down in an oven at 25°C

Clean work surface and hands and safely dispose of bacterial culture by autoclaving

58
Q

Why incubate Petri dish at 25°

A

Avoids growth of pathogens

59
Q

How do you dispose of bacterial cultures

A

Autoclaving

🌈BIOLOGY YEAR 12 (6 decks)

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