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Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Asexual and sexual

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2
Q

What is Asexual reproduction?

A
  • 1 parent
  • genetically identical offspring
  • no variation
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3
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A
  • 2 parents
  • gametes required
  • there is genetic variation
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4
Q

Which way do plants reproduce?

A

Asexual and sexual!

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5
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The process of the nuclei of a sperm and egg cell joining together

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6
Q

What is a Zygote?

A

A fertilized egg cell formed but the union of the male and female gametes

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7
Q

What’s the function of an ovary?

A

Organ where the egg cells mature and are released. Produces oestrogen and progesterone from puberty to menopause. Two are present.

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8
Q

What is an oviduct?

A

Name of tube which transports egg from ovary to uterus using small hairs. Fertilisation may occur here.

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9
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Organ which developing baby grows. Has a thick wall of muscle and elastic tissue. Inner lining grows and is released monthly from puberty to menopause.

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10
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

It is a ring of muscle at the neck of the uterus

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11
Q

What is the vagina?

A

It is a muscular tube that opens to the outside. It is sometimes known as the birth canal

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12
Q

What is the labia?

A

Fleashy lobes that protect the opening of the vagina

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13
Q

What is the clitoris function?

A

Area very sensitive to stimulation

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14
Q

What is puberty?

A

Physical and emotional changes that take place during adolescence

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15
Q

What hormones cause these changes and where are they released?

A

Girls- Oestrogen, progesterone, produced in ovary’s
Boys- testosterone, testes produce it

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16
Q

What is the typical age range of puberty?

A

8-13 girls 9-14 boys

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17
Q

Male secondary sexual characteristics

A

Growth spurt, body hair/ pubic hair, voice deepens, testes produce sperm and hormones, shoulder’s broaden and sexual organs get bigger

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18
Q

Female secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Growth spurt, pubic/ body hair, breasts grow, ovary’s begin to release eggs and make hormones, hips widen and periods start to

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19
Q

Describe each stage of your menstrual cycle

A

Days 1-5 - menstruation and the uterus lining sheds.
Days 6- 13- the uterus lining develops.
Day 14 - ovulation and the egg is released
Days 15- 28 -the uterus lining is maintained with a good blood supply ready for the egg cell to implant if fertilised

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20
Q

Why does the uterus lining shed if the egg is not fertilised?

A

If the egg is not fertilised, a drop in progesterone causes the lining to break down ,

21
Q

What is the journey of a sperm cell?

A
  • travels down sperm ducts though urethra
  • after sex swims through cervix, through uterus and then into an oviduct to fertilise an egg.
22
Q

How many types of twins are there?

A

Non identical and identical

23
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of nuclei of sperm cells and egg cells, which happens in the oviduct to form a zygote

24
Q

How are non-identical twins made?

A

2- egg twins and fertilised by two sperm

25
Q

How are identical twins made?

A

One egg fertilised by one sperm and the early embryo then separates into two genetically identical balls of cells making two embryos

26
Q

how does a zygote become a fetus?

A

It divides many times and creates two separate structures, the embryo and the placenta. The embryo later becomes a fetus once the cells become specificalized, with arms and legs visible.

27
Q

What is the job of the amniotic fluid?

A

Protects the baby from bumps, knocks and temperature changes.

28
Q

What is the job of the placenta?

A

It takes oxygen and food from the mothers blood and puts waste into mothers blood

29
Q

What is the job of the umbilical cord?

A

Carries oxygen, food and waste between mother and baby

30
Q

Do the baby and mother share a circulatory system?

A

No there blood does not mix at the placenta: it is like a barrier

31
Q

What substances can pass across the placenta from the fetus?

A

Carbon dioxide and other waste/ urea

32
Q

What substances can pass across the placenta from the mother to the fetus?

A

Useful- oxygen, digested food/ glucose, antibodies
Harmful- drugs, alcohol

33
Q

What are the stages of development?

A

Zygote-> embryo > fetus > baby

34
Q

What is gestation?

A

Pregnancy

35
Q

How long is pregnancy?

A

40 weeks

36
Q

How does the baby do respiration?

A

Oxygen and glucose diffuse from the mothers blood into the blood of the fetus at the placenta

37
Q

What is the first stage of birth?

A

The cervix dilates wide enough to allow the baby’s head to emerge (10cm)

38
Q

What is the second stage of birth?

A

The muscles int eh walls of the uterus contract to push the baby out ( contractions)

39
Q

What is the final stage of birth?

A

The placenta is pushed out , the afterbirth

40
Q

What is the testes function?

A

Organ that produces sperm from puberty. Also releases testos

41
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Name given to the pouch of skin which holds testes outside of the body so that there temperature is suitable

42
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Mass of coiled tubes which transports sperm from testes to sperm duct

43
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

Tubes which carry the sperm from the testes to the glands and urethra.

44
Q

What is the function of the seminal gland?

A

Opens to the sperm ducts and produces seminal fluid

45
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

Opens too the urethra and produces alkaline fluid that neutralises urine

46
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Organ which transports semen and urine to the outside. Contains spongy tissue, which fills with blood when the organ is stimulated. This makes the organ erect so that it can be placed inside of the female

47
Q

What is the function of the male urethra?

A

Tube which passes through the penis. Semen and urine pass through it

48
Q

What is the function of the foreskin?

A

Area of skin which covers the sensitive tip of the penis.

Biology (6 decks)

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