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Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell

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2
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

The fallopian tube

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3
Q

When an egg and a sperm cell fuse, what do they form?

A

A zygote

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4
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell

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5
Q

Give two examples of gametes:

A

An egg cell
A sperm cell

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6
Q

What is the next stage of development after an embryo?

A

A fetus

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7
Q

Name 2 types of reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction

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8
Q

Give 4 examples of asexual reproduction:

A

Bacteria, yeast, plants, jellyfish

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9
Q

Give 4 examples of sexual reproduction:

A

Fish, reptiles, birds, insects

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10
Q

Give 2 adaptations of an egg cell:

A

The size of the egg- allows more space for nutrients to be stored inside the cell
Nucleus- contains genetic information of the mother

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11
Q

What is the difference in formation between identical and non-identical twins?

A

Identical: one egg splits in half and only one sperm cell fertilises the egg cell
Non-identical: 2 egg cells are fertilised by 2 sperm at the same time

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12
Q

What is the female hormone used in puberty?

A

Estrogen

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13
Q

What is the function of the amniotic sac?

A

It surrounds the fetus during pregnancy, protecting the fetus from injury.

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14
Q

What day on the menstrual clock does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

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15
Q

Why does the uterus lining break down?

A

Because it builds itself up when an egg is released, but if it is not fertilised, then the lining breaks down and bleeds

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16
Q

How do substances pass from the fetus to the mother and back? Give examples of these substances:

A

The placenta lets substances pass between the two blood supplies: oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the placenta from the mother to the fetus. Co2 and other waste products diffuse from the fetus to the mother.

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17
Q

Function of ovary:

A

The ovaries are a pair of female glands where the eggs form and where the female hormones are made

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18
Q

Uterus lining function:

A

To nurture the fertilised age that develops into a fetus and holding the baby till its mature enough for birth

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19
Q

Function of the sperm duct:

A

To move sperm away from its storage place in the testes

20
Q

Function of testes:

A

To make sperm and to produce testosterone

21
Q

Name 5 changes boys experience through puberty:

A
  • voice deepens
  • pubic hair grows
  • testes start to make sperm cells
  • testes and penis get bigger
  • shoulders get wider
22
Q

Name 5 changes females experience through puberty:

A
  • breasts develop
  • ovaries start to release eggs
  • hips get wider
  • pubic hair grows
  • stronger body smell
23
Q

What is the name of the period of life between puberty and adulthood?

A

Adolescence

24
Q

3 ways a sperm cell has adapted to its function:

A
  • a flagellum (tail) to help it to swim up the fallopian tube
  • a nucleus to carry the genetic information of the father
  • lots of mitochondria so it has lots of energy to swim to the egg cell
25
Q

Function of penis:

A

Organ which passes semen and urine of the man’s body (but not at the same time)

26
Q

Function of bladder:

A

Stores urine

27
Q

Function of glands:

A

Produces fluids that provide the sperm with nutrients. This mixture of sperm and fluid is called semen

28
Q

Function of sperm duct:

A

Tube through which sperm travels on the way to the glands

29
Q

Urethra function:

A

The tube inside the penis that carries the urine or semen. A ring of muscle makes sure that there is no chance of urine and semen getting mixed up

30
Q

Testes function:

A

Organs which make the male gamete, sperm and also the hormone testosterone

31
Q

Foreskin function:

A

Skin that protects the end of the penis

32
Q

Scrotum function:

A

A bag of skin which holds the testes

33
Q

Epididymis function:

A

Tubes that store sperm for future use

34
Q

Ovary function:

A

Produces the female gamete, the egg (ovum)

35
Q

Oviduct function:

A

A tube lined with tiny hairs called cilia, that connect the ovaries to the uterus

36
Q

Uterus function:

A

A muscular bag in which a baby develops until it’s birth

37
Q

Lining of uterus function:

A

This part of the uterus is shed during a menstrual period

38
Q

Cervix function:

A

A ring of muscle at the neck of the uterus that closes the uterus until the baby is ready to be born

39
Q

Vagina function:

A

A muscular tube that leads from the cervix to the outside of the woman’s body. A man’s penis goes here during sexual intercourse

40
Q

Clitoris function:

A

The button-shaped bump above the urethra and vagina

41
Q

Labia function:

A

The folds of skin that cover the openings to the vagina and the urethra

42
Q

Why does the penis lie outside the body cavity?

A

Because outside the body (or room temperature) is the perfect temperature for semen to be stored at

43
Q

Function of placenta:

A

Supplies Oxygen, supplies glucose, removes co2, removes waste products, barrier to prevent blood mixing

44
Q

What is it called when the egg is buried into the uterus lining?

A

Implantation

45
Q

Why is the uterus lining maintained?

A

Lining is maintained for the blood supply needed for implantation and to supply oxygen for the implanted egg

46
Q

What substances can pass across the placenta from the fetus to the mother?

A

Carbon dioxide, waste products, urea

47
Q

What substances can pass across the placenta from the mother to the fetus?

A

Oxygen, digested food, glucose, antibodies, drugs, alcohol, microbes such as HIV and rubella

Biology (6 decks)

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