human reproduction Flashcards
what are the 2 types of gametogenesis
oogenesis and spermatogenesis
egg laying organisms are called
oviparous
organisms which give birth to living organisms are called
viviparous
transfer of sperms into female genital tract is called
insemination
primary sex organ in males
testis (as gamete formation takes place)
pouch in which testis is stored is called
scrotum/scrotal sac
why is testis located outside the body
sperm formation requires temperature that is 2-3 degree lesser than the body temp.
how is the testis connected to the abdominal cavity
inguinal canal
abdominal muscles are what kind of muscles
skeletal
muscle that covers the testis, moves it, and lowers/ raises the temperature acc to the need is called
cremaster muscle (skeletal)
muscle beneath cremaster
dartos (smooth)
how many testicular lobules are there
250
where does sperm production take place
seminiferous tubules
how many seminiferous tubules are there in one lobule
1-3
which cells release androgens
leydig cells
leydig cells are also called
interstitial cells
main androgen
testosterone
somatic cells of the testis that are essential for testis formation and are present inside seminiferous tubules are called
sertoli cells
another name for sertoli cells
nurse cells/ sustentacular cells
sperms are produced by
spermatogonia
shape and size of testis
oval: 4-5cm length 2-3 cm width
what is the function of sertoli cells
to provide nutrition
______ carries sperms from seminiferous tubules to testis
tubuli recti
network of tubes in testis
rete testis
_____ carries sperms from rete testis to outside of testis
vasa efferentia
a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens
epididymis
correct sequence of path of sperms
seminiferous tubules>tubuli recti>rete testis>vasa efferentia>epididymis
longest tube in male reproductive system
epididymis
function of epididymis
storage of sperms
tube that carries sperms outside the scrotum
vas deferens
what is the dense covering of testis
tunica albuginea
which gland is the first to pour its secretion in the sperms
seminal vesicle
tube made by the conjunction of vas deferens and seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
secretion of seminal vesicle
fructose
secretion of prostrate gland
calcium and phosphate ions
secretion of bulbourethral
mucus for lubrication
external opening of urethra
urethral meatus
enlarged end of penis
glans penis
loose fold of skin covering the penis
foreskin
maturation and motility and death of sperms takes place in
epididymis
what happens if the sperms are not ejaculated
death
semen is also called
seminal plasma
seminal plasma + sperms
semen
foreskin is also called
prepuce
primary sex organ in females
ovaries
length of oviduct/fallopian tubes
10-12 cm
starting part of fallopian tube which is thin
isthmus
mid part of fallopian tube which is wide
ampulla
funnel shaped structure in the end of fallopian tube
infundibulum
finger like structure that connects fallopian tube to ovary
fimbriae
name the 3 linings of uterus from outside to inside
perimetrium, myometrium (smooth), endometrium
shape of uterus
inverted pear shaped
lower end of the uterus
cervix
A spindle-shaped canal extending from the isthmus of the uterus to the opening of the uterus into the vagina.
cervical canal
vagina+cervical canal
birth canal
size of ovary
2-4cm in length
substance of ovary
stroma
parts of ovary
stroma, medulla, cortex
through which ligament is the ovary connected to the uterus
mesovarium
each ovary is covered by thin epithelium, name it
germinal epithelium
accessory ducts in female reproductive system
fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair
mons pubis
fleshy folds of tissue which extend down from mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening
labia majora
paired fold of tissue under labia majora
labia minora
area between labia minora
vestibule
membrane covering the opening of vagina
hymen
finger like structure which lies at the junction of 2 labia minora above the urethral opening
clitoris
mammary glands are modified ____ glands
sweat
a coloured ring around the nipple is
areola
where does milk production take place
mammary lobes
how many mammary lobes are there per breast
15-20
which hormone stimulates the production of milk in alveoli of mammary lobes
prolactin
mammary tubules join to form _____
mammary duct
write the sequence in which milk passes from mammary lobes to the nipple
mammary tubule> mammary duct > mammary ampulla > lactiferous duct
which hormone helps in milk ejection
oxytocin
formation of gametes
gametogenesis
immature male germ cells
spermatogonia
primary spermatocytes are (haploid/diploid)
diploid
what happens after meiosis of primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte(n)> spermatids (n)
another name for sperms
spermatozoa
process of conversion of spermatids to sperms
spermiogenesis
release of sperms from the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells is called
spermiation
how many number of sperms are secreted in one ejaculation
200-300 million
which component of sperm helps the sperm penetrate the egg’s coats.
acrosome
what is present inside the middle piece of a sperm
mitochondria
name the formation in which mitochondria are kept inside the sperm
nebenkern
oocyte that arises from oogonium after the process of oogenesis
primary oocyte
each primary oocyte when surrounded by granulosa cells is called
primary follicle
degeneration of follicles
follicular atresia
what does secondary follicle consist of
multilayered granulosa cells and theca cells
name the smaller cell after meiosis 1 in primary oocyte
first polar body
noncellular layer located between the surface of the oocyte and the granulosa cell layer
zona pellucida
name the fluid filled cavity found in tertiary follicle
antrum
first menstruation
menarche
permanent stopping of menstruation
menopause
menstrual cycle takes place in
female primates
phases in menstrual cycle
menstruation, follicular phase, luteal phase
another name for follicular phase
proliferative phase
which hormone is released to inhibit the production of fsh.
inhibin
Graafian follicle bursts due to the surge of ______
LH
life of ovum
24 hrs
time taken for implantation
7 days
what does endometrium release in the secretory phase/ luteal phase
glycogen
what does corpus luteum release
progesterone
in which phase does corpus luteum die
luteal phase/secretory phase
life of corpus luteum
14 days
name the coverings of Graafian follicle in order
secondary oocyte> zona pellucida> corona radiata> granulosa cells> antrum> theca cells
what is left when the Graafian follicle bursts
secondary oocyte> zona pellucida> corona radiata
what is it called when vaginal secretions remove proteins and carbohydrates from the plasma membrane of sperms.
capacitation reaction
site of fertilization
ampulla
name the receptor present on zona pellucida
zp3 receptors (recognize human sperms)
fertilised cell is called
zygote ( totipotent cell )
the first division of cells in the early embryo
cleavage
cells in cleavage stage embryo
blastomeres
8-16 cell stage of embryo
morula
components of blastocyst
trophoblast (cells at the corner), embryoblast/inner cell mass (knob like structure), blastocoel (cavity filled w glycogen)
stages of implantation
zygote> blastomeres> morula> blastomere
on which day does implantation take place
7th day after fertilisation
hCG maintains ____ for next 3 months
corpus luteum
hCG mimics the action of ______
LH
finger like projections on the trophoblast
chorionic villi
_____ and _____ become interdigitated and jointly form a structure called placenta
chorionic villi; uterine tissue
_______ is a temporary endocrine gland
placenta
full form of hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
hPL stands for
human placental lactogen
hormones released by placenta
hCG, hPL
who releases relaxin
ovary
what are the three germ layers
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
formation of 3 germ layers
gastrulation (3rd week of fertilization)
mild uterine contractions are called
foetal ejection reflex
which hormone facilitates parturition
oxytocin
production of milk after pregnancy
lactation
milk produced during initial few days of lactation
colostrum
