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human reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 types of gametogenesis

A

oogenesis and spermatogenesis

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2
Q

egg laying organisms are called

A

oviparous

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3
Q

organisms which give birth to living organisms are called

A

viviparous

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4
Q

transfer of sperms into female genital tract is called

A

insemination

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5
Q

primary sex organ in males

A

testis (as gamete formation takes place)

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6
Q

pouch in which testis is stored is called

A

scrotum/scrotal sac

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7
Q

why is testis located outside the body

A

sperm formation requires temperature that is 2-3 degree lesser than the body temp.

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8
Q

how is the testis connected to the abdominal cavity

A

inguinal canal

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9
Q

abdominal muscles are what kind of muscles

A

skeletal

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10
Q

muscle that covers the testis, moves it, and lowers/ raises the temperature acc to the need is called

A

cremaster muscle (skeletal)

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11
Q

muscle beneath cremaster

A

dartos (smooth)

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12
Q

how many testicular lobules are there

A

250

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13
Q

where does sperm production take place

A

seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

how many seminiferous tubules are there in one lobule

A

1-3

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15
Q

which cells release androgens

A

leydig cells

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16
Q

leydig cells are also called

A

interstitial cells

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17
Q

main androgen

A

testosterone

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18
Q

somatic cells of the testis that are essential for testis formation and are present inside seminiferous tubules are called

A

sertoli cells

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19
Q

another name for sertoli cells

A

nurse cells/ sustentacular cells

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20
Q

sperms are produced by

A

spermatogonia

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21
Q

shape and size of testis

A

oval: 4-5cm length 2-3 cm width

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22
Q

what is the function of sertoli cells

A

to provide nutrition

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23
Q

______ carries sperms from seminiferous tubules to testis

A

tubuli recti

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24
Q

network of tubes in testis

A

rete testis

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25
Q

_____ carries sperms from rete testis to outside of testis

A

vasa efferentia

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26
Q

a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens

A

epididymis

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27
Q

correct sequence of path of sperms

A

seminiferous tubules>tubuli recti>rete testis>vasa efferentia>epididymis

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28
Q

longest tube in male reproductive system

A

epididymis

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29
Q

function of epididymis

A

storage of sperms

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30
Q

tube that carries sperms outside the scrotum

A

vas deferens

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31
Q

what is the dense covering of testis

A

tunica albuginea

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32
Q

which gland is the first to pour its secretion in the sperms

A

seminal vesicle

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33
Q

tube made by the conjunction of vas deferens and seminal vesicle

A

ejaculatory duct

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34
Q

secretion of seminal vesicle

A

fructose

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35
Q

secretion of prostrate gland

A

calcium and phosphate ions

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36
Q

secretion of bulbourethral

A

mucus for lubrication

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37
Q

external opening of urethra

A

urethral meatus

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38
Q

enlarged end of penis

A

glans penis

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39
Q

loose fold of skin covering the penis

A

foreskin

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40
Q

maturation and motility and death of sperms takes place in

A

epididymis

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41
Q

what happens if the sperms are not ejaculated

A

death

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42
Q

semen is also called

A

seminal plasma

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43
Q

seminal plasma + sperms

A

semen

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44
Q

foreskin is also called

A

prepuce

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45
Q

primary sex organ in females

A

ovaries

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46
Q

length of oviduct/fallopian tubes

A

10-12 cm

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47
Q

starting part of fallopian tube which is thin

A

isthmus

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48
Q

mid part of fallopian tube which is wide

A

ampulla

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49
Q

funnel shaped structure in the end of fallopian tube

A

infundibulum

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50
Q

finger like structure that connects fallopian tube to ovary

A

fimbriae

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51
Q

name the 3 linings of uterus from outside to inside

A

perimetrium, myometrium (smooth), endometrium

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52
Q

shape of uterus

A

inverted pear shaped

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53
Q

lower end of the uterus

A

cervix

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54
Q

A spindle-shaped canal extending from the isthmus of the uterus to the opening of the uterus into the vagina.

A

cervical canal

55
Q

vagina+cervical canal

A

birth canal

56
Q

size of ovary

A

2-4cm in length

57
Q

substance of ovary

A

stroma

58
Q

parts of ovary

A

stroma, medulla, cortex

59
Q

through which ligament is the ovary connected to the uterus

A

mesovarium

60
Q

each ovary is covered by thin epithelium, name it

A

germinal epithelium

61
Q

accessory ducts in female reproductive system

A

fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

62
Q

cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair

A

mons pubis

63
Q

fleshy folds of tissue which extend down from mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening

A

labia majora

64
Q

paired fold of tissue under labia majora

A

labia minora

65
Q

area between labia minora

A

vestibule

66
Q

membrane covering the opening of vagina

A

hymen

67
Q

finger like structure which lies at the junction of 2 labia minora above the urethral opening

A

clitoris

68
Q

mammary glands are modified ____ glands

A

sweat

69
Q

a coloured ring around the nipple is

A

areola

70
Q

where does milk production take place

A

mammary lobes

71
Q

how many mammary lobes are there per breast

A

15-20

72
Q

which hormone stimulates the production of milk in alveoli of mammary lobes

A

prolactin

73
Q

mammary tubules join to form _____

A

mammary duct

74
Q

write the sequence in which milk passes from mammary lobes to the nipple

A

mammary tubule> mammary duct > mammary ampulla > lactiferous duct

75
Q

which hormone helps in milk ejection

A

oxytocin

76
Q

formation of gametes

A

gametogenesis

77
Q

immature male germ cells

A

spermatogonia

78
Q

primary spermatocytes are (haploid/diploid)

A

diploid

79
Q

what happens after meiosis of primary spermatocyte

A

secondary spermatocyte(n)> spermatids (n)

80
Q

another name for sperms

A

spermatozoa

81
Q

process of conversion of spermatids to sperms

A

spermiogenesis

82
Q

release of sperms from the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells is called

A

spermiation

83
Q

how many number of sperms are secreted in one ejaculation

A

200-300 million

84
Q

which component of sperm helps the sperm penetrate the egg’s coats.

A

acrosome

85
Q

what is present inside the middle piece of a sperm

A

mitochondria

86
Q

name the formation in which mitochondria are kept inside the sperm

A

nebenkern

87
Q

oocyte that arises from oogonium after the process of oogenesis

A

primary oocyte

88
Q

each primary oocyte when surrounded by granulosa cells is called

A

primary follicle

89
Q

degeneration of follicles

A

follicular atresia

90
Q

what does secondary follicle consist of

A

multilayered granulosa cells and theca cells

91
Q

name the smaller cell after meiosis 1 in primary oocyte

A

first polar body

92
Q

noncellular layer located between the surface of the oocyte and the granulosa cell layer

A

zona pellucida

93
Q

name the fluid filled cavity found in tertiary follicle

A

antrum

94
Q

first menstruation

A

menarche

95
Q

permanent stopping of menstruation

A

menopause

96
Q

menstrual cycle takes place in

A

female primates

97
Q

phases in menstrual cycle

A

menstruation, follicular phase, luteal phase

98
Q

another name for follicular phase

A

proliferative phase

99
Q

which hormone is released to inhibit the production of fsh.

A

inhibin

100
Q

Graafian follicle bursts due to the surge of ______

A

LH

101
Q

life of ovum

A

24 hrs

102
Q

time taken for implantation

A

7 days

103
Q

what does endometrium release in the secretory phase/ luteal phase

A

glycogen

104
Q

what does corpus luteum release

A

progesterone

105
Q

in which phase does corpus luteum die

A

luteal phase/secretory phase

106
Q

life of corpus luteum

A

14 days

107
Q

name the coverings of Graafian follicle in order

A

secondary oocyte> zona pellucida> corona radiata> granulosa cells> antrum> theca cells

108
Q

what is left when the Graafian follicle bursts

A

secondary oocyte> zona pellucida> corona radiata

109
Q

what is it called when vaginal secretions remove proteins and carbohydrates from the plasma membrane of sperms.

A

capacitation reaction

110
Q

site of fertilization

A

ampulla

111
Q

name the receptor present on zona pellucida

A

zp3 receptors (recognize human sperms)

112
Q

fertilised cell is called

A

zygote ( totipotent cell )

113
Q

the first division of cells in the early embryo

A

cleavage

114
Q

cells in cleavage stage embryo

A

blastomeres

115
Q

8-16 cell stage of embryo

A

morula

116
Q

components of blastocyst

A

trophoblast (cells at the corner), embryoblast/inner cell mass (knob like structure), blastocoel (cavity filled w glycogen)

117
Q

stages of implantation

A

zygote> blastomeres> morula> blastomere

118
Q

on which day does implantation take place

A

7th day after fertilisation

119
Q

hCG maintains ____ for next 3 months

A

corpus luteum

120
Q

hCG mimics the action of ______

A

LH

121
Q

finger like projections on the trophoblast

A

chorionic villi

122
Q

_____ and _____ become interdigitated and jointly form a structure called placenta

A

chorionic villi; uterine tissue

123
Q

_______ is a temporary endocrine gland

A

placenta

124
Q

full form of hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

125
Q

hPL stands for

A

human placental lactogen

126
Q

hormones released by placenta

A

hCG, hPL

127
Q

who releases relaxin

A

ovary

128
Q

what are the three germ layers

A

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

129
Q

formation of 3 germ layers

A

gastrulation (3rd week of fertilization)

130
Q

mild uterine contractions are called

A

foetal ejection reflex

131
Q

which hormone facilitates parturition

A

oxytocin

132
Q

production of milk after pregnancy

A

lactation

133
Q

milk produced during initial few days of lactation

A

colostrum

biology (8 decks)

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