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biotech Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

isolation of plant cell

A

cellulase for breaking the cell wall

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2
Q

isolation of fungi

A

chitinase for removing chitin

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3
Q

isolation of bacterial cell

A

lysozyme for breaking peptidoglycan

found in saliva, tears

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4
Q

isolation of DNA from protein rna and lipids

A

protease RNAse lipase

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5
Q

isolation of DNA from garbage

A

put it in chilled ethanol, it will float

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6
Q

genetic scissors

A

restriction endonuclease

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7
Q

what gel is used in gel electrophoresis

A

agarose gel (red algae)

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8
Q

charge on DNA

A

negative

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9
Q

which dye is used in gel electrophoresis

A

ethidium bromide

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10
Q

what are the steps for gel electrophoresis

A
  1. put the fragments in a bed containing agarose gel
  2. keep a +vely charged electrode, i.e, anode on the opposite end
  3. the dna fragments being -vely charged will get attracted to the anode and rush towards it.
  4. the smaller fragments will move fast in comparison to the larger ones
  5. once these have settled, put ethidium bromide dye on it
  6. now place a uv lamp near the bed, the dna will be visible as orange fragments.
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11
Q

what is elution

A

the process of separating the gene of interest from the gel

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12
Q

1st restriction enzyme

A

hind II - haemophilus influenzae

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13
Q

what are sticky ends

A

overhanging stretches of nucleotides
form h2 bonds with their complimentary cut counterparts
stickiness facilitates the action of DNA ligase…..

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14
Q

what are recognition sites

A

special sites where the restriction endonuclease cut the dna

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15
Q

what are the features of plasmids

A 
double stranded dna
always circular
extra chromosomal
non essential
self replicating piece of dna
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16
Q

2 types of vectors

A

expression vectors

cloning vectors

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17
Q

what are the properties of vector

A

origin of replication- decides the copy number
selective marker
cloning site

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18
Q

how to separate transformant gene from non transformant

A

selective marker

19
Q

name an artificial plasmid

A

pbr322

20
Q

what is insertional inactivation

A

inactivation of gene for synthesis of enzymes

21
Q

bacteria that infects plants with TI gene

A

agrobacterium tumifaciens

22
Q

disarmed vector

A

a vector that could earlier harm the host, but cannot do so now. as dangerous gene is destroyed

23
Q

what do retrovirus do

A

convert rna to dna

24
Q

list the bt crops

A 
tomato
potato
corn 
cotton- bollworm
rice
25
Q

genes in cotton bollworm

A

cry I AC

cry II AB

26
Q

genes in cornborer

A

cry I AB

27
Q

methods of molecular diagnosis

A

pcr

elisa

28
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material

29
Q

what is cloning

A

the ability to multiply copies of antibiotic resistance gene in E.coli

30
Q

EcoRI

A

Escherichia coli RY 13

31
Q

what are exonucleases and endonucleases

A

exonucleases remove nucleotides from ends of the DNA whereas endonucleases make cuts at specific positions within the DNA

32
Q

how does a restriction endonuclease function

A
  1. inspects the length of DNA sequence
  2. once it finds its specific recognition sequence it will bind to the DNA and cut each of the 2 strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar phosphate backbones
  3. each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequence
33
Q

what is ORI

A

origin of replication
sequence from where replication starts
any piece of DNA when linked to the sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells

34
Q

what is transformation

A

procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium

35
Q

what is selectable marker

A

helps in identifying and eliminating non transformants and selectively permitting the growth of transformants

36
Q

how is a bacterial cell made competitive to take up DNA

A
  1. treating it with specific concentration of a divalent cation such as calcium, which increases the efficiency with which DNA enters the bacterium through pores in its cell wall.
  2. rDNA can then be forced into such cells by incubating them w rDNA on ice, followed by placing them briefly at 42°C [heat shock] and then putting them back on ice.
37
Q

what is microinjection

A

rDNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell

38
Q

what is biolistic/gene gun

A

cells are bombarded with high velocity particles of gold/tungsten coated with DNA

39
Q

what is reqd in PCR

A

template strand
DNA polymerase (taq)
nucleotides
primer

40
Q

steps in pcr

A

denaturation- the 2 template strands separate at 95°C
annealing- primers attach on both the strands when the temperature is lowered to 55°-65°C
extension- when the temp is raised to 72°C new strands are formed

41
Q

what are generically modified organisms

A

plants animals bacteria or fungi whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called genetically modified organisms

42
Q

what is gene therapy

A

collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child

43
Q

what are transgenic animals

A

animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra gene

44
Q

how do we benefit from transgenic animals

A 
normal physiology and development
study of disease
biological products 
vaccine safety
chemical safety testing

biology (8 decks)

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