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health and diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is health

A

state of complete physical mental and social well being

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2
Q

typhoid causal agent

A

salmonella typhi

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3
Q

symptoms of typhoid

A 
sustained high fever
weakness, stomach pain
constipation
headache
loss of appetite
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4
Q

test for typhoid

A

widal test

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5
Q

pneumonia causal agent

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

haemophilus influenzae

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6
Q

what happens in pneumonia

A

infects the alveoli. it gets filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration.

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7
Q

symptoms of pneumonia

A

fever chills cough headache discoloring of finger n nails,,,,,,,

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8
Q

bacterial diseases

A

typhoid pneumonia dysentery plague diphtheria

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9
Q

viral diseases caused by

A

rhino viruses- common cold

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10
Q

different species of plasmodium

A

p. malaria
p. vivax
p. falciparum (most dangerous as it causes malignant malaria)

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11
Q

what is the vector of malaria

A

female anopheles mosquito

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12
Q

which toxic substance is responsible for chills and high fever during malaria

A

haemozoin - released due to rupture of rbcs

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13
Q

life cycle of mosquito

A
  1. when a female anopheles mosquito bites a human, the sporozoits from its saliva are released into the blood stream.
  2. within half an hour these sporozoits travel to the liver . the parasites reproduce asexually in the liver cells, bursting the cell releasing into the blood.
  3. these parasites reproduce asexually in the red blood cells resulting in their rupture hence causing the release of a toxic substance haemozoin which is responsible for the chills and high fever.
  4. simultaneosly, gametocytes develop in the rbcs
  5. when another female anopheles mosquito bites the infected human the gametocytes enter the mosquito’s body to undergo fertilization and development in its gut
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14
Q

causal agent of amoebiasis/ amoebic dysentery

A

entamoeba histolytica

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15
Q

symptoms of amoebic dysentery

A

constipation
abdominal pain
cramps
stool with excess mucous and blood clots

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16
Q

vectors for amoebic dysentary

A

houseflies

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17
Q

how is amoebic dysentery transmitted

A
  1. the stool of a person infected with amoebic dysentery contains tetranucleated cyst of entamoeba
  2. houseflies sitting on it pick up the cyst in their mouths
  3. when these flies sit on food they deposit the cyst on it. this mode of transmission is called the feco-oral route
  4. upon consumption, the cyst from the food travels to the large intestine of humans where it divides into two- magna(trophozoit) and minuta.
  5. magna starts to eat the mucosa and the sub mucosa layers causing perforation
  6. minuta undergoes fission to form a tetranucleated cyst for propagation.
  7. this cyst is passed down in the stool and ready to be picked up by the houseflies.
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18
Q

causal agent for ascariasis

A

ascaris

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19
Q

symptoms of ascariasis

A 
internal bleeding
muscular pain
fever
anemia
blockage of intestinal passage
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20
Q

causal agent for elephantiasis/ filariasis

A

filarial worm/ wuchereria (w. bancrofti and w. malayi)

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21
Q

vector for elephantiasis

A

female mosquito

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22
Q

causal agent for ringworm

A

microsporum trichophyton

epidermophyton

23
Q

symptoms of ringworm

A

appearence of dry and scaly lesions

intense itching

24
Q

how many types of immunity are there

A

innate

acquired

25
Q

what is innate immunity

A

immunity that is present since birth
it is non specific
accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of foreign agents in our body

26
Q

4 types of barriers in innate immunity

A
  1. physical- skin, mucus lining
  2. physiological- hcl in stomach, saliva, tears
  3. cellular- wbc, macrophages
  4. cytokine- interferons
27
Q

what is acquired immunity

A

develops on exposure
it is specific
when our body counters a pathogen for the first time it produces primary response which is of low intensity. subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicit a highly intensified secondary response

28
Q

what are antibodies

A

b-lymphocytes release an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. these are called antibodies.

29
Q

what is humoral immune response

A

the antibodies are found in blood therefore the response is called humoral immune response

30
Q

what is cmi

A

caused by t-lymphocytes (is the cause of graft rejection)

31
Q

what is graft rejection

A

Graft rejection occurs when the recipient’s immune system attacks the donated graft and begins destroying the transplanted tissue or organ. this happens because the body is able to differentiate between self and non-self due to cmi

32
Q

what is active and passive immunity

A

when a host is exposed to antigens, which may be in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins, antibodies are produced in the host body. this type of immunity is called active immunity.

when ready made antibodies are given directly to protect the body against foreign agents it is called passive immunity

33
Q

example of passive immunity

A

colostrum has IgA

foetus also receives antibodies from placenta

34
Q

what is an allergy

A

the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment. it is due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
antibody- IgE

35
Q

what are auto-immune diseases

A

sometimes due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self cells. this results in damage to the body and is called auto immune disease. eg- rheumatoid arthritis

36
Q

describe lymphatic organs

A

organs where origin and/or maturation of lymphocytes take place.
primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus. here immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes.
secondary lymphoid organs are spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix which act as a site for interaction of lymphocytes and antigen.

37
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

38
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

sexual contact with infected person
sharing infected needles
transfusion of contaminated blood
from infected mother to her child thru placenta

39
Q

how does hiv spread in the body

A
  1. the virus enters into macrophages where rna of the virus replicates to form viral dna with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase
  2. the viral dna gets incorporated into host cell’s dna and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles
  3. the macrophages continue to produce virus and act as HIV factory
  4. simultaneously hiv enters into t-lymphocytes, replicates and produces progeny viruses
  5. the progeny viruses attack other t-lymphocytes
40
Q

which test is used for detecting AIDS

A

ELISA- enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay

41
Q

what is a tumor

A

masses of cells formed by cancerous cells

42
Q

list the 2 type of tumors

A

benign- remain confined to original location and do not spread
malignant- grow v rapidly, invading and damaging surrounding tissues, spread to other parts of the body

43
Q

properties of cancer cells

A

no contact inhibition
metastatis (most feared)
protooncogens to oncogens
high telomerase production

44
Q

agents of cancer

A

carcinogens

45
Q

types of carcinogens

A 
physical- 
   ionising- x rays, gamma rays
   non-ionising- UV rays
chemical- tobacco, alcohol
biological- viruses
46
Q

how do u diagnose cancer

A

biopsy
radiography [x ray]
ct scan [x ray]
MRI [magnetic field] SAFEST

47
Q

treatment of cancer

A

surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
immuno therapy

48
Q

how is heroine prepared

A

acetylation of morphine

49
Q

what are opioids

A

bind to specific opioid receptors presnet int CNS and gastrointestinal tract

50
Q

what are cannabinoids

A

react with cannabinoid receptors present in the brain

51
Q

products of cannabinoids

A

hashish
charas gaanja
bhaang

52
Q

drugs that cause hallucinations

A

cannabinoids

excessive cocains

53
Q

drugs that stimulate

A

cocaine
atropa belladonna
amphetamine

54
Q

opioids

A

morphine

heroine

biology (8 decks)

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