health and diseases Flashcards
what is health
state of complete physical mental and social well being
typhoid causal agent
salmonella typhi
symptoms of typhoid
sustained high fever weakness, stomach pain constipation headache loss of appetite
test for typhoid
widal test
pneumonia causal agent
streptococcus pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae
what happens in pneumonia
infects the alveoli. it gets filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration.
symptoms of pneumonia
fever chills cough headache discoloring of finger n nails,,,,,,,
bacterial diseases
typhoid pneumonia dysentery plague diphtheria
viral diseases caused by
rhino viruses- common cold
different species of plasmodium
p. malaria
p. vivax
p. falciparum (most dangerous as it causes malignant malaria)
what is the vector of malaria
female anopheles mosquito
which toxic substance is responsible for chills and high fever during malaria
haemozoin - released due to rupture of rbcs
life cycle of mosquito
- when a female anopheles mosquito bites a human, the sporozoits from its saliva are released into the blood stream.
- within half an hour these sporozoits travel to the liver . the parasites reproduce asexually in the liver cells, bursting the cell releasing into the blood.
- these parasites reproduce asexually in the red blood cells resulting in their rupture hence causing the release of a toxic substance haemozoin which is responsible for the chills and high fever.
- simultaneosly, gametocytes develop in the rbcs
- when another female anopheles mosquito bites the infected human the gametocytes enter the mosquito’s body to undergo fertilization and development in its gut
causal agent of amoebiasis/ amoebic dysentery
entamoeba histolytica
symptoms of amoebic dysentery
constipation
abdominal pain
cramps
stool with excess mucous and blood clots
vectors for amoebic dysentary
houseflies
how is amoebic dysentery transmitted
- the stool of a person infected with amoebic dysentery contains tetranucleated cyst of entamoeba
- houseflies sitting on it pick up the cyst in their mouths
- when these flies sit on food they deposit the cyst on it. this mode of transmission is called the feco-oral route
- upon consumption, the cyst from the food travels to the large intestine of humans where it divides into two- magna(trophozoit) and minuta.
- magna starts to eat the mucosa and the sub mucosa layers causing perforation
- minuta undergoes fission to form a tetranucleated cyst for propagation.
- this cyst is passed down in the stool and ready to be picked up by the houseflies.
causal agent for ascariasis
ascaris
symptoms of ascariasis
internal bleeding muscular pain fever anemia blockage of intestinal passage
causal agent for elephantiasis/ filariasis
filarial worm/ wuchereria (w. bancrofti and w. malayi)
vector for elephantiasis
female mosquito
causal agent for ringworm
microsporum trichophyton
epidermophyton
symptoms of ringworm
appearence of dry and scaly lesions
intense itching
how many types of immunity are there
innate
acquired
what is innate immunity
immunity that is present since birth
it is non specific
accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of foreign agents in our body
4 types of barriers in innate immunity
- physical- skin, mucus lining
- physiological- hcl in stomach, saliva, tears
- cellular- wbc, macrophages
- cytokine- interferons
what is acquired immunity
develops on exposure
it is specific
when our body counters a pathogen for the first time it produces primary response which is of low intensity. subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicit a highly intensified secondary response
what are antibodies
b-lymphocytes release an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. these are called antibodies.
what is humoral immune response
the antibodies are found in blood therefore the response is called humoral immune response
what is cmi
caused by t-lymphocytes (is the cause of graft rejection)
what is graft rejection
Graft rejection occurs when the recipient’s immune system attacks the donated graft and begins destroying the transplanted tissue or organ. this happens because the body is able to differentiate between self and non-self due to cmi
what is active and passive immunity
when a host is exposed to antigens, which may be in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins, antibodies are produced in the host body. this type of immunity is called active immunity.
when ready made antibodies are given directly to protect the body against foreign agents it is called passive immunity
example of passive immunity
colostrum has IgA
foetus also receives antibodies from placenta
what is an allergy
the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment. it is due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
antibody- IgE
what are auto-immune diseases
sometimes due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self cells. this results in damage to the body and is called auto immune disease. eg- rheumatoid arthritis
describe lymphatic organs
organs where origin and/or maturation of lymphocytes take place.
primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus. here immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes.
secondary lymphoid organs are spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix which act as a site for interaction of lymphocytes and antigen.
what is MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
how is HIV transmitted
sexual contact with infected person
sharing infected needles
transfusion of contaminated blood
from infected mother to her child thru placenta
how does hiv spread in the body
- the virus enters into macrophages where rna of the virus replicates to form viral dna with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase
- the viral dna gets incorporated into host cell’s dna and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles
- the macrophages continue to produce virus and act as HIV factory
- simultaneously hiv enters into t-lymphocytes, replicates and produces progeny viruses
- the progeny viruses attack other t-lymphocytes
which test is used for detecting AIDS
ELISA- enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay
what is a tumor
masses of cells formed by cancerous cells
list the 2 type of tumors
benign- remain confined to original location and do not spread
malignant- grow v rapidly, invading and damaging surrounding tissues, spread to other parts of the body
properties of cancer cells
no contact inhibition
metastatis (most feared)
protooncogens to oncogens
high telomerase production
agents of cancer
carcinogens
types of carcinogens
physical- ionising- x rays, gamma rays non-ionising- UV rays chemical- tobacco, alcohol biological- viruses
how do u diagnose cancer
biopsy
radiography [x ray]
ct scan [x ray]
MRI [magnetic field] SAFEST
treatment of cancer
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
immuno therapy
how is heroine prepared
acetylation of morphine
what are opioids
bind to specific opioid receptors presnet int CNS and gastrointestinal tract
what are cannabinoids
react with cannabinoid receptors present in the brain
products of cannabinoids
hashish
charas gaanja
bhaang
drugs that cause hallucinations
cannabinoids
excessive cocains
drugs that stimulate
cocaine
atropa belladonna
amphetamine
opioids
morphine
heroine
