human repro Flashcards
with what does the scrotum stay connected to the abdomen and helps testes descend into the scrotum
inguinal canals
scrotum equivalent in females
labia majora
What carries blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and vas deferens inside inguinal canal
spermatic cords
muscles help in the positioning of testes
cremaster and dartos
Dartos- contracts and causes wrinkling of scrotal skin
Cremaster- Contracts and pulls scrotum towards abdomen
condition where testes fail to descend
cryptorchidism
3 protective coverings of the testes
tunica vaginalis(double layer),tunica albuginea(white fibrous which divides the testes into lobules),tunica vasculosa(connective tissues and capillaries)
no. of testicular lobules
250 each
what do each lobule contain
seminiferous tubules
job of the seminiferous tubules
produce sperms
lining of rete testes
cuboidal epithelium
flow of sperm
seminiferous tubule, tubuli recti,rete testis,ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymus,sperm duct, ejaculatory duct,urethra,penis
what cells are the STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM of the seminiferous tubules made of
- sertoli cells(nurse cells)
- spermatogenic cells
- leydig cells(interstitial cells)
what do sertoli cells do
p.s,they absorbs parts shed by the developing spermtozoa
they are supporting cells which help in nursing,derived from the sex cords, they release the glycoprotein hormone inhibin which is a negative feedback response to FSH. they are elongated and pyramidal.
what produces spermatozoa
spermatogenic cells, b/w lamina and lumen
what do polyhedral Leydig cells do
they produce testosterone controling spermatogenesis.
tissue of vas efferentia
ciliated columner epithelium
parts and function of epididymis
caput(coiled cap),cauda,corpus
they store and mature sperms 2 weeks to 2 months(cauda).
where does the sperm duct originate from
cauda epididymis
what is the tip of the penis
the glans penis and covered by foreskin
what is the penis made up of
erectile tissues and spongy tissues
3 cylindrical cords which, two are parallel called corpora cavernosa which become superior posterior when the penis is erect and corpora urethrae which is inferior anterior
secretion of tysons gland( skin of penis neck)
smegma white sebaceous
age for sperm production and growth of penis
11 to 15
position of the male accessory glands
- seminal vesicles:they are paired,tubular and below the urinary bladder. attached to the ejaculatory duct
- prostate gland:single large bilobed spongy donut shaped gland below the urinary bladder surrounding the urethra
- cowpers/ bulbourethral glands: pea sized paired inferior to the prostate and empty into the urethra
funtions of male accessory glands
- seminal vesicles: fructose,citrate,prostglandins, alkaline fluid gives mobility and viability to sperms(60%)
- prostate:slightly acidic milky fluid which contains calcium to nourish the sperms and removal of this gland causes sterlity in males.it is for activating the sperms, anti coagulent(30%)
- cowpers:lubricating the penis(v less)
pH of semen
7.5
life span of a sperm
24 to 48 hours after ejaculate
sperm count in normal males
15 million per ml ,2-3ml per ejaculation
120 million produced everyday
what is the ovary attached to in the abdomen
mesovarium ligament
what covers the ovary
germinal epithelium(cuboidal)
what is the germinal epithelium divided into
mesothelium and peritoneum
what does the germinal epithelium enclose
the stroma ,
divided into the outer cortex and inner medulla
the cortex is covered by the tunica albuginia(white dense connective tissue), it contains the follicles and corpus luteum
divisions of the mullerian tubes
fallopian tubes
outermost serosa,middle muscular,inner mucus and ciliated epithelium
- funnel shaped infundibulum near the oviduct,with fimbrae. it opens into the abdomen by an aperture called ostium
- wide ampulla: site of fertilisation
- isthumus: narrow thick walled leading to uterus
what is the uterus suspended from
mesometrium
parts of the uterus
wide pear shaped fundus
wide tapering corpus body forming the cavity
cervix (canal ), it communicates with the uterus w/ the internal os and with the vagina with the external os
walls of the uterus
perimetrium, thick muscular myometrium,highly vascular mucosal endometrium made of stratified squamas epithelium
tissues vagina is made of
stratified squamous, elastic tissue
the vagina extends backwards in front of the rectum
the walls contain mucosa, a muscular layer and adventitia
opening of the vagina
vaginal orifice
pH of vagina and reason
4.0 due the bacteria lactobacillus which ferments and produce acid
partial covering of vagina
hymen
external genitalia of female repro
vulva
the most anterior structure of vulva is the mons pubis
its covered by folds of skin and coarse hair
two longitudinal folds of lips are labia majora
the labia majora covers two additional folds, the labia minora which covers the vaginal and urethral openings
whats the clitoris
finger-like erectile tissue which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora above the urethral opening
the female accessory glands
vestibular glands(homologous to Cowper’s glands) and mammary glands
the different vestibular glands
lesser(skene's gland) around the vaginal and urethral openings and greater( bartholins glands) on either side of the vaginal orfice which help combating the acidity by secreting an alkaline lubricant
location of the mammary glands
modified sweat glands ,over the pectoralis major muscle front wall of thorax. develop under the influence of oestrogen and progesterone
pigmented area of mammary glands
areola. various sebaceous glands are present on the surface called areolar glands
internal description of mammary glands
glandular,fibrous,adipose tissues
15-20 lobes each breast which each have a lactiferous duct that carry milk
role of prolactin and oxytocin
milk prod stimulated by prolactin and ejection by oxytocin
content and lack of in secretions of mammary gland
caesin,fat,water, minerals
poor in vit c and iron
first milk from mammary glands
Colostrum is rich in immunoglobulins and lactoferrin, growth, and antimicrobial factors. rich in immunoglobulin IgG
primary sex organ
ovary and testes
where do primordial germ cells originate from
extragonadal in origin, originate from extraembryonic mesoderm origin
the yolk sac endoderm becomes the gonads
3 steps of spermatocytogenesis
meiosis 1
meiosis 2
spermiogenesis
