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human physiology > human repro > Flashcards

human repro Flashcards

1
Q

with what does the scrotum stay connected to the abdomen and helps testes descend into the scrotum

A

inguinal canals

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2
Q

scrotum equivalent in females

A

labia majora

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3
Q

What carries blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and vas deferens inside inguinal canal

A

spermatic cords

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4
Q

muscles help in the positioning of testes

A

cremaster and dartos
Dartos- contracts and causes wrinkling of scrotal skin
Cremaster- Contracts and pulls scrotum towards abdomen

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5
Q

condition where testes fail to descend

A

cryptorchidism

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6
Q

3 protective coverings of the testes

A

tunica vaginalis(double layer),tunica albuginea(white fibrous which divides the testes into lobules),tunica vasculosa(connective tissues and capillaries)

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7
Q

no. of testicular lobules

A

250 each

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8
Q

what do each lobule contain

A

seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

job of the seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperms

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10
Q

lining of rete testes

A

cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

flow of sperm

A

seminiferous tubule, tubuli recti,rete testis,ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymus,sperm duct, ejaculatory duct,urethra,penis

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12
Q

what cells are the STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM of the seminiferous tubules made of

A
  1. sertoli cells(nurse cells)
  2. spermatogenic cells
  3. leydig cells(interstitial cells)
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13
Q

what do sertoli cells do

p.s,they absorbs parts shed by the developing spermtozoa

A

they are supporting cells which help in nursing,derived from the sex cords, they release the glycoprotein hormone inhibin which is a negative feedback response to FSH. they are elongated and pyramidal.

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14
Q

what produces spermatozoa

A

spermatogenic cells, b/w lamina and lumen

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15
Q

what do polyhedral Leydig cells do

A

they produce testosterone controling spermatogenesis.

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16
Q

tissue of vas efferentia

A

ciliated columner epithelium

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17
Q

parts and function of epididymis

A

caput(coiled cap),cauda,corpus

they store and mature sperms 2 weeks to 2 months(cauda).

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18
Q

where does the sperm duct originate from

A

cauda epididymis

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19
Q

what is the tip of the penis

A

the glans penis and covered by foreskin

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20
Q

what is the penis made up of

A

erectile tissues and spongy tissues

3 cylindrical cords which, two are parallel called corpora cavernosa which become superior posterior when the penis is erect and corpora urethrae which is inferior anterior

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21
Q

secretion of tysons gland( skin of penis neck)

A

smegma white sebaceous

22
Q

age for sperm production and growth of penis

A

11 to 15

23
Q

position of the male accessory glands

A
  1. seminal vesicles:they are paired,tubular and below the urinary bladder. attached to the ejaculatory duct
  2. prostate gland:single large bilobed spongy donut shaped gland below the urinary bladder surrounding the urethra
  3. cowpers/ bulbourethral glands: pea sized paired inferior to the prostate and empty into the urethra
24
Q

funtions of male accessory glands

A
  1. seminal vesicles: fructose,citrate,prostglandins, alkaline fluid gives mobility and viability to sperms(60%)
  2. prostate:slightly acidic milky fluid which contains calcium to nourish the sperms and removal of this gland causes sterlity in males.it is for activating the sperms, anti coagulent(30%)
  3. cowpers:lubricating the penis(v less)
25
Q

pH of semen

A

7.5

26
Q

life span of a sperm

A

24 to 48 hours after ejaculate

27
Q

sperm count in normal males

A

15 million per ml ,2-3ml per ejaculation

120 million produced everyday

28
Q

what is the ovary attached to in the abdomen

A

mesovarium ligament

29
Q

what covers the ovary

A

germinal epithelium(cuboidal)

30
Q

what is the germinal epithelium divided into

A

mesothelium and peritoneum

31
Q

what does the germinal epithelium enclose

A

the stroma ,
divided into the outer cortex and inner medulla
the cortex is covered by the tunica albuginia(white dense connective tissue), it contains the follicles and corpus luteum

32
Q

divisions of the mullerian tubes

A

fallopian tubes
outermost serosa,middle muscular,inner mucus and ciliated epithelium

  1. funnel shaped infundibulum near the oviduct,with fimbrae. it opens into the abdomen by an aperture called ostium
  2. wide ampulla: site of fertilisation
  3. isthumus: narrow thick walled leading to uterus
33
Q

what is the uterus suspended from

A

mesometrium

34
Q

parts of the uterus

A

wide pear shaped fundus
wide tapering corpus body forming the cavity
cervix (canal ), it communicates with the uterus w/ the internal os and with the vagina with the external os

35
Q

walls of the uterus

A

perimetrium, thick muscular myometrium,highly vascular mucosal endometrium made of stratified squamas epithelium

36
Q

tissues vagina is made of

A

stratified squamous, elastic tissue
the vagina extends backwards in front of the rectum
the walls contain mucosa, a muscular layer and adventitia

37
Q

opening of the vagina

A

vaginal orifice

38
Q

pH of vagina and reason

A

4.0 due the bacteria lactobacillus which ferments and produce acid

39
Q

partial covering of vagina

A

hymen

40
Q

external genitalia of female repro

A

vulva

the most anterior structure of vulva is the mons pubis
its covered by folds of skin and coarse hair
two longitudinal folds of lips are labia majora
the labia majora covers two additional folds, the labia minora which covers the vaginal and urethral openings

41
Q

whats the clitoris

A

finger-like erectile tissue which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora above the urethral opening

42
Q

the female accessory glands

A

vestibular glands(homologous to Cowper’s glands) and mammary glands

43
Q

the different vestibular glands

A 
lesser(skene's gland) around the vaginal and urethral openings
 and greater( bartholins glands) on either side of the vaginal orfice which help combating the acidity by secreting an alkaline lubricant
44
Q

location of the mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands ,over the pectoralis major muscle front wall of thorax. develop under the influence of oestrogen and progesterone

45
Q

pigmented area of mammary glands

A

areola. various sebaceous glands are present on the surface called areolar glands

46
Q

internal description of mammary glands

A

glandular,fibrous,adipose tissues

15-20 lobes each breast which each have a lactiferous duct that carry milk

47
Q

role of prolactin and oxytocin

A

milk prod stimulated by prolactin and ejection by oxytocin

48
Q

content and lack of in secretions of mammary gland

A

caesin,fat,water, minerals

poor in vit c and iron

49
Q

first milk from mammary glands

A

Colostrum is rich in immunoglobulins and lactoferrin, growth, and antimicrobial factors. rich in immunoglobulin IgG

50
Q

primary sex organ

A

ovary and testes

51
Q

where do primordial germ cells originate from

A

extragonadal in origin, originate from extraembryonic mesoderm origin

the yolk sac endoderm becomes the gonads

52
Q

3 steps of spermatocytogenesis

A

meiosis 1
meiosis 2
spermiogenesis

human physiology (9 decks)

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