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human physiology > hormones and diseases of the digestive system > Flashcards

hormones and diseases of the digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

the major gastro hormones

A
  1. gastrin,
  2. enterogastrone,
  3. secretin,
  4. cholecystokinin pancreozymins,
  5. duocrinin
  6. enterocrinin
  7. vasoactive intestinal peptide
  8. somatostatin
  9. pancreatic polypeptide
  10. villikinin
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2
Q

gastrin

A

from stomach
target stomach
release of gastric juices

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3
Q

enterogastrone

A

gastric inhibitory
from duodenum
target stomach
slows gastric contraction and inhibits its secretions

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4
Q

secretin

A

the first hormone discovered
from duodenum
target pancreas liver and stomach
release bicarbonates in pancreatic juice, release bile and suppress gastric juice

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5
Q

cholecystokinin pancreozymins(CCK-PZ)

A

from small intestine
target gall bladder and pancreas
contracts the gall bladder to release bile
signals the pancreas to release pancreatic juices

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6
Q

duocrinin

A

from duodenum
target duodenum
signals Brunner’s glands to secrete mucus

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7
Q

enterocrinin

A

from small intestine
target small intestine
signals crypts of lieberkuhn to secrete intestinal juices

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8
Q

vasoactive intestinal peptide

A

from small intestine
target small intestine and stomach
dilates peripheral blood vessels of the gut
inhibits gastic acid secretion

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9
Q

somatostatin(part 1)

A

from delta cells of islets of Langerhans
target to pancreas and GI tracts
inhibits the secretion of glucagon by alpha cells and insulin by beta cells
inhibits absorption of nutrients from GI tract

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10
Q

villikinin

A

from small intestine
target small intestine
accelerates movements of villi

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11
Q

somatostatin(part 2)

A

from argentaffin cells of gastric and intestinal glands
target GI tract
suppresses the release of hormones from the GI tract

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12
Q

pancreatic polypeptide(PP)

A

from pancreatic polypeptide cells
to pancreas
inhibits the release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas

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13
Q

the chief source of energy/metabolic fuels in humans

A

carbohydrates, proteins and fats

they are oxidised and transformed to ATP,the chemical energy drives the cells

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14
Q

whats gross calorific value

A

amount of heat produced on combustion of 1 g of food

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15
Q

the calorific value of carbohydrates, proteins, fats

A
  1. 1kcal/g
  2. 65kcal/g
  3. 45kcal/g
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16
Q

physiological value of food

A

4kcal/g for proteins and carbohydrates and 9kcal for fats

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17
Q

PEM

A 
protein energy malnutrition
deficiency of vitamin,iron and iodine,energy,protein
young children(0-6 years) require more protein than adults
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18
Q

two types of PEM

A

kwashiorkor and marasmus

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19
Q

kwashiorkor

A 
protein deficiency
1-5 years age
wasted muscle
thin limbs 
regarding growth
water retention in legs
reddish hair,diarrhoea and pot belly
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20
Q

marasmus

A 
protein and calorie deficiency
infants below the age of 1
impaired growth and replacement of tissue proteins
thin limbs
prominent limbs
dry thin wrinkled skin
diarrhoea
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21
Q

vitamin A(retinol)

A

carrot,tomato,papaya,mango,milk,eggs,cod liver oil
vision,growth and diff of epithelial tissue
deficiency:night blindness ,xerophthalmia,abnormal epithelial cell growth
first fat soluble vitamin discovered

22
Q

vitamin D(calciferol)

A

cod liver oil,skin(in the presence of sunlight)
absorption of ca ions from the GI tract and calcium deposition in bones
deficiency: rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
behaves more like a hormone rather than cofactor of an enzyme

23
Q

vitamin E (tocopherol)

A

wheat germ, green leafy veggies, fats of vegetable origin
good antioxidant, necessary for the proper functioning of the reproductive organs and muscles, maintaining the structure of RBC
deficiency: reproductive failure

24
Q

vitamin K derivatives

A

k1(phylloquinone)
k2 (menaquinone)
k3 (menadione)-synthetic

25
Q

vitamin k

A

leafy vegetables, wheat germ, bacteria of large intestine
helps in blood clotting
deficiency: excessive bleeding

interesting fact: meliotus indica (fodder and green manure ) contains a green substance called dicumarol that prevents the action of vit k

26
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

a,k,d,e

27
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

b,c

28
Q

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A

whole grain,wheat germ,legumes,nuts,fish
essential for growth and repair of tissues
deficiency:beri-beri
in alcoholics it causes the disease Wernicke’s syndrome and korsakoffs’s syndrome , as alcohol interferes with B1 metabolism in liver

29
Q

vitamin B2(riboflavin)

A

aka yellow enzyme
milk cheese meat eggs legumes wheat germ mushrooms green leafy veg
helps RBC production and acts as FAD(in ETC and TCA cycle) and as FMN( in ETC)
deficiency:cheliosis

30
Q

vitamin B3(niacin)

A

whole grain nuts,legumes,fish,meat poultry,liver ,yeast
nad and nadp in TCA cycle
deficiency: pellagra

31
Q

vitamin B5(pantothenic acid)

A

yeast, milk, egg yolk, wheat germ, meat, honey, groundnut, tomatoes
for healthy skin and hair, it forms coenzyme A in the TCA cycle
deficiency: dermatitis, loss of hair, greying of hair

32
Q

vitamin B6(pyridoxine)

A

whole grain ,cerelas,peanuts,banana,soybean,meat.vegetables
protein metabolism
deficieny: retarded growth,anaemia,dermatitis,nausea

33
Q

biotin(vitamin B7)

A

egg yolk,milk,nuts,honey,liver,meat,fish
carbs and fat protein metabolism
deficiency:poor growth,loss of muscular control,weight loss, loss of appetite,hair fall

the white of the egg contains avidin protein which degrades this vitamin

34
Q

vitamin B9 (folic acid)

A

green leafy vegetables
essential for the formation of RBC,increase appetite
deficiency: megaloblastic anaemia

35
Q

vitamin B12(cyanocobalamin)

A

spirulina,liver,meat,eggs.fish.milk
rbc production,DNA synthesis, proper functioning of the neurological system
deficiency: pernicious anaemia

36
Q

vitamin B17(laetrile)

A

wheat grass juice

anticancer property

37
Q

vitamin C(ascorbic acid)

A

citrus,amla,chillies,guava,tomato
essential for the formation of RBC,production of antibodies,bones,teeth,gums and acts as an antioxidant
deficiency:scurvy
alcoholics are low in vitamin C

38
Q

jaundice

A

yellowing of skin,eyes
liver damage
extra bilirubin in blood

39
Q

vomiting

A

antiperistalsis of stomach contents,reflex action induced by the medulla

40
Q

diarrhoea

A

frequency of bowel movements and liquidity of faecal matter

reduced absorption of food

41
Q

constipation

A

poop retained in the rectum

42
Q

indigestion

A

anxiety, food poisoning, deficiency of enzymes, overeating, spicy food cause the food not be broken down fully

43
Q

heartburn

A

acid reflux in the oesophagus that feels like the heart burning

44
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix that it might burst and release bacteria and can cause death

45
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of the intestine in the inguinal canal

46
Q

nausea

A

discomfort while vomiting due to distension of the stomach

47
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

the minimum energy required for maintaining body during rest or sleep
1600 kcal/day

48
Q

routine metabolic rate

A

the energy requirement of a moderately active person

2200 -2800 kcal/day

49
Q

choleretic

A

increased bile secretion from the liver

50
Q

achalasia cardia

A

failure of the cardiac sphincter and therefore the accumulation of food in the proximal part of the oesophagus
distends the oesophagus

human physiology (9 decks)

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