hormones and diseases of the digestive system Flashcards
the major gastro hormones
- gastrin,
- enterogastrone,
- secretin,
- cholecystokinin pancreozymins,
- duocrinin
- enterocrinin
- vasoactive intestinal peptide
- somatostatin
- pancreatic polypeptide
- villikinin
gastrin
from stomach
target stomach
release of gastric juices
enterogastrone
gastric inhibitory
from duodenum
target stomach
slows gastric contraction and inhibits its secretions
secretin
the first hormone discovered
from duodenum
target pancreas liver and stomach
release bicarbonates in pancreatic juice, release bile and suppress gastric juice
cholecystokinin pancreozymins(CCK-PZ)
from small intestine
target gall bladder and pancreas
contracts the gall bladder to release bile
signals the pancreas to release pancreatic juices
duocrinin
from duodenum
target duodenum
signals Brunner’s glands to secrete mucus
enterocrinin
from small intestine
target small intestine
signals crypts of lieberkuhn to secrete intestinal juices
vasoactive intestinal peptide
from small intestine
target small intestine and stomach
dilates peripheral blood vessels of the gut
inhibits gastic acid secretion
somatostatin(part 1)
from delta cells of islets of Langerhans
target to pancreas and GI tracts
inhibits the secretion of glucagon by alpha cells and insulin by beta cells
inhibits absorption of nutrients from GI tract
villikinin
from small intestine
target small intestine
accelerates movements of villi
somatostatin(part 2)
from argentaffin cells of gastric and intestinal glands
target GI tract
suppresses the release of hormones from the GI tract
pancreatic polypeptide(PP)
from pancreatic polypeptide cells
to pancreas
inhibits the release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas
the chief source of energy/metabolic fuels in humans
carbohydrates, proteins and fats
they are oxidised and transformed to ATP,the chemical energy drives the cells
whats gross calorific value
amount of heat produced on combustion of 1 g of food
the calorific value of carbohydrates, proteins, fats
- 1kcal/g
- 65kcal/g
- 45kcal/g
physiological value of food
4kcal/g for proteins and carbohydrates and 9kcal for fats
PEM
protein energy malnutrition deficiency of vitamin,iron and iodine,energy,protein young children(0-6 years) require more protein than adults
two types of PEM
kwashiorkor and marasmus
kwashiorkor
protein deficiency 1-5 years age wasted muscle thin limbs regarding growth water retention in legs reddish hair,diarrhoea and pot belly
marasmus
protein and calorie deficiency infants below the age of 1 impaired growth and replacement of tissue proteins thin limbs prominent limbs dry thin wrinkled skin diarrhoea
vitamin A(retinol)
carrot,tomato,papaya,mango,milk,eggs,cod liver oil
vision,growth and diff of epithelial tissue
deficiency:night blindness ,xerophthalmia,abnormal epithelial cell growth
first fat soluble vitamin discovered
vitamin D(calciferol)
cod liver oil,skin(in the presence of sunlight)
absorption of ca ions from the GI tract and calcium deposition in bones
deficiency: rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
behaves more like a hormone rather than cofactor of an enzyme
vitamin E (tocopherol)
wheat germ, green leafy veggies, fats of vegetable origin
good antioxidant, necessary for the proper functioning of the reproductive organs and muscles, maintaining the structure of RBC
deficiency: reproductive failure
vitamin K derivatives
k1(phylloquinone)
k2 (menaquinone)
k3 (menadione)-synthetic
vitamin k
leafy vegetables, wheat germ, bacteria of large intestine
helps in blood clotting
deficiency: excessive bleeding
interesting fact: meliotus indica (fodder and green manure ) contains a green substance called dicumarol that prevents the action of vit k
fat soluble vitamins
a,k,d,e
water soluble vitamins
b,c
vitamin B1 (thiamine)
whole grain,wheat germ,legumes,nuts,fish
essential for growth and repair of tissues
deficiency:beri-beri
in alcoholics it causes the disease Wernicke’s syndrome and korsakoffs’s syndrome , as alcohol interferes with B1 metabolism in liver
vitamin B2(riboflavin)
aka yellow enzyme
milk cheese meat eggs legumes wheat germ mushrooms green leafy veg
helps RBC production and acts as FAD(in ETC and TCA cycle) and as FMN( in ETC)
deficiency:cheliosis
vitamin B3(niacin)
whole grain nuts,legumes,fish,meat poultry,liver ,yeast
nad and nadp in TCA cycle
deficiency: pellagra
vitamin B5(pantothenic acid)
yeast, milk, egg yolk, wheat germ, meat, honey, groundnut, tomatoes
for healthy skin and hair, it forms coenzyme A in the TCA cycle
deficiency: dermatitis, loss of hair, greying of hair
vitamin B6(pyridoxine)
whole grain ,cerelas,peanuts,banana,soybean,meat.vegetables
protein metabolism
deficieny: retarded growth,anaemia,dermatitis,nausea
biotin(vitamin B7)
egg yolk,milk,nuts,honey,liver,meat,fish
carbs and fat protein metabolism
deficiency:poor growth,loss of muscular control,weight loss, loss of appetite,hair fall
the white of the egg contains avidin protein which degrades this vitamin
vitamin B9 (folic acid)
green leafy vegetables
essential for the formation of RBC,increase appetite
deficiency: megaloblastic anaemia
vitamin B12(cyanocobalamin)
spirulina,liver,meat,eggs.fish.milk
rbc production,DNA synthesis, proper functioning of the neurological system
deficiency: pernicious anaemia
vitamin B17(laetrile)
wheat grass juice
anticancer property
vitamin C(ascorbic acid)
citrus,amla,chillies,guava,tomato
essential for the formation of RBC,production of antibodies,bones,teeth,gums and acts as an antioxidant
deficiency:scurvy
alcoholics are low in vitamin C
jaundice
yellowing of skin,eyes
liver damage
extra bilirubin in blood
vomiting
antiperistalsis of stomach contents,reflex action induced by the medulla
diarrhoea
frequency of bowel movements and liquidity of faecal matter
reduced absorption of food
constipation
poop retained in the rectum
indigestion
anxiety, food poisoning, deficiency of enzymes, overeating, spicy food cause the food not be broken down fully
heartburn
acid reflux in the oesophagus that feels like the heart burning
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix that it might burst and release bacteria and can cause death
hernia
protrusion of the intestine in the inguinal canal
nausea
discomfort while vomiting due to distension of the stomach
Basal metabolic rate
the minimum energy required for maintaining body during rest or sleep
1600 kcal/day
routine metabolic rate
the energy requirement of a moderately active person
2200 -2800 kcal/day
choleretic
increased bile secretion from the liver
achalasia cardia
failure of the cardiac sphincter and therefore the accumulation of food in the proximal part of the oesophagus
distends the oesophagus
