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human physiology > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

major components of food

A

carbs,proteins, fats and water

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2
Q

what are the macronutrients

A

carbs,lipids, proteins

the proximate principles of food

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3
Q

micronutrients

A

protective principles of food,help to keep us away fom diseases
vitamins and minerals

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4
Q

macroelements

A

21 minerals(na,k,ca,s,p,mg,cl) essentional from humans

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5
Q

microelements

A

(Fe,I,Zn,mn,co,cu,mo) with 20 vitamins are required in very small amounts

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6
Q

what does the digestive system consist of

A

alimentary canal and the associated glands

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7
Q

where does the alimentary canal start and end

A

mouth(anterior) and anus(posterior) respectively

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8
Q

no. of teeth in the buccal cavity

A

32 permanent teeth

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9
Q

describe the human teeth

A

diphyodont, thecodont, heterodont,bunodont

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10
Q

arrangement of permanent teeth in each half of a jaw

A

2123(I C PM M)

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11
Q

arrangement of teeth in kids

A

2120

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12
Q

the monophyodont teeth in a human

A

premolars and last molar

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13
Q

in a 2-year-old, what teeth would be missing

A

premolars

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14
Q

the hardest substance of the human body and its role

A

enamel, helps in protecting the dentine and mastication of food

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15
Q

where are enamel secreted from

A

ameloblast cells of ectodermal origin

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16
Q

parts of a tooth

A

crown, neck, root
crown remains capped with hard enamel made of calcium phosphate and format chewing substance of the tooth
the crown and root both have the dentine, underlying the enamel. secreted by mesodermal odontoblast cells
inside the dentine a pulp cavity is present which has nerves and blood supply

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17
Q

what attaches the tooth to the socket

A

the periodontal ligament attaches the tooth to the bony socket

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18
Q

type of tooth the elephant’s tusk is

A

modified incisors

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19
Q

type of tooth the walrus tusk is

A

canine

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20
Q

type of teeth in birds, spiny anteaters, scaly anteater, some whales is

A

lol they have no teeth

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21
Q

teeth of sloth and armadillos

A

no enamel

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22
Q

classification of teeth on position

A
  1. acrodont: attached to the free surface or summit of the jaw bone
    in fish, amphibians and reptiles
  2. pleurodont: lateral surface of jaw ridge eg: fangs of snakes
    3.thecodont: embedded in sockets and have well-developed roots(mammals and crocodiles)
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23
Q

classification of teeth on the arrangement of enamel and dentine

A
  1. bunodont: small blunt round cusp, humans
  2. lophodont: intricate folding of enamel and dentine and transverse ridges called lophos connect cusps, elephant
  3. selenodont: crescent-shaped enamel with soft dentine in sheep and cattle
  4. secodont: pointed cusps like in carnivores
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24
Q

the tongue description

A

voluntary muscle and glandular structure occupying the floor of the mouth

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25
Q

what is the tongue attached the mouth’s floor by

A

frenulum fold

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26
Q

parts of the tongue

A

inverted V-shaped furrow called sulcus terminalis which divides the upper surface of the tongue into the anterior oral part and posterior pharyngeal part

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27
Q

the different PAPILLAE of tongue

A
  1. filiform: smallest most abundant and no taste buds
  2. fungiform: appear as red dots on the tongue and no taste buds
  3. foliate :absent in man
  4. circumvallate: largest in size and knob-like and have taste buds
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28
Q

the different taste buds

A

tip:sweet
tips and sides:salt
sides:sour
base:bitter

no taste buds for spice,just pain receptors

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29
Q

tongue of dogs

A

sweat glands

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30
Q

pharynx

A

oral cavity leads to pharynx,commaon passage for food and air

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31
Q

tonsils

A

lymphoid tissues of pharynx

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32
Q

the different tissues of tonsil

A 
nasopharyngeal tonsils
tubal tonsils
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
they are arranged in a ring like manner called waldeyer's ring
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33
Q

oesophagus

A

the pharynx leads to oesophagus, a tube that is very resistant and connects to the stomach

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34
Q

opening of the windpipe

A

glottis

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35
Q

flap covering the glottis

A

epiglottis

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36
Q

the flap that stops food from entering the nasal cavity while swallowing

A

uvula

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37
Q

the sphincter between the stomach and oesophagus

A

gastro-oesophageal sphincter

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38
Q

what is the stomach

A

a j shaped sac in the upper left corner of the abdominal cavity

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39
Q

parts of the stomach

A

the fundus, cardiac(where the oesophagus enters) and the pyloric region

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40
Q

stomach of ruminants

A

compound stomach, 4 chambers

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41
Q

the chambers of compound stomach

A
  1. rumen (largest):for the storage of food
  2. reticulum
  3. omasum(absent in camel and deer and water cells eject from rumen)
  4. abomasum: the true stomach secreting gastric juices

rumen and reticulum harbour large amount of anaerobic bacteria digesting cellulose into fatty acids by fermentation like rumenococcus and protozoans and cellulolytic bacteria.

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42
Q

parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum(C shaped)
Jejunum(long and coiled middle portion)
ileum(highly coiled longest portion

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43
Q

sphincter between stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric

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44
Q

walls of the intestine

A

thin layers of longitudinal and circular muscles

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45
Q

plicae circulares

A

folds of the mucosa of the small intestine
(folds of kerching or valvulae conniventes)
the mucosa also has columnar epithelial cells modified into villi towards the inner side which further have microvilli

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46
Q

crypts of lieberkuhn

A 
interstitial cells(b/w villi) of the small intestine
they have epithelial cells secreting mucus, paneth cells secreting enzymes and argentaffin cells secreting hormones in the duodenum
brunner's glands are also present in the submucosa secreting mucus
the lymphoid tissues present through out the small intestine and aggregated in the ileum as peyer's patches
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47
Q

the different parts of the large intestine

A
  1. caecum:small blind sac which hosts some symbiotic microorganisms. it has the vermiform appendix at one end and opens into the colon at the other

2.colon: ascending, transverse and descending
ascending is the smallest and lacks mesentery
descending colon opens into the rectum

3.rectum: it is the last part of the alimentary canal and storage site for faecal matter. it opens outside through the anus.

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48
Q

walls of the colon

A
  1. has a sac like haustra
  2. 3 bands of longitudinal muscles called taenia coli
  3. the surface has a presence of fat filled projections called epiploic appendages
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49
Q

largest intesines in

A

herbivores

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50
Q

histology of alimentary canal

A

mainly four layers

  1. serosa: thin mesothelium with some connective tissues. it is absent in the upper part of the oesophagus
  2. muscularis layer: smooth muscles. outer longitudinal and inner circular. an oblique muscle is found in the stomach b/w these two
  3. sub-mucosa:loose connective tissues,containing nerves,blood and lymph vessels. In the duodenum, glands are also present
  4. mucosa: innermost layer with irregular folds called rugae in the stomach and fingerlike projection villi in small intestine.
51
Q

what does mucosal epithelium have

A

goblet cells releasing mucus

52
Q

mucosa of stomach

A

gastric glands

53
Q

the two categories of plexus in the alimentary canal

A

myentric plexus/plexus of auerbach

meissner plexus/submucosal plexus

54
Q

myentric plexus/plexus of auerbach

A

fibres from both autonomic divisions
b/w longitudinal and circular muscles of the muscular coat
controls peristalsis

55
Q

meissner plexus/submucosal plexus

A

between the muscular coat and mucosa

secretion of different kinds of digestive glands.

56
Q

function of villi

A

increase the surface area for absorption and keep the food longer in the small intestine for maximum absorption.

57
Q

the digestive associated glands

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver

58
Q

the three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotids: cheek, largest salivary glands, open through stensons duct

sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular: lower jaw, opens through Wharton’s duct

sub-linguals: below the tongue and are the smallest opens through rivinus duct

59
Q

saliva

A

1.5L,6.7 pH

60
Q

the enzymes of saliva

A 
salivary amylase(ptyalin)
lysozyme
61
Q

effect of the nervous system on the salivary glands

A

parasympathetic: stimulated to secrete
sympathetic: dry mouth, no saliva

62
Q

what do salivary amylase need to be activated

A

cl- ions

63
Q

mumps

A

infection of salivary glands, mainly paratoid

64
Q

the largest gland in the body

A

liver

65
Q

origin of the liver

A

endoderm

66
Q

weight of the liver

A

1.2 to 1.5 kg

67
Q

position of the liver

A 
in the abdominal cavity,just below the diaphragram
two lobes(right and left)
68
Q

structural and functional units of the liver

A

hepatic lobules

contains hepatic cells arranged in form of cords

69
Q

Glisson’s capsule

A

connective tissue sheath covering each lobule

its the characteristic feature of the mammalian liver

70
Q

kupffer cells

A

phagocytic cells eating worn out RBC, WBC, bacteria

71
Q

the gall bladder is absent in

A

adult lamprey,grain-eating birds, rat, whale, all members of Perissodactyla and some Artiodactyla

72
Q

where is bile secreted and stored till concentrated

A

hepatic cells of the liver and stored in the gall bladder

73
Q

the capacity of gall bladder

A

30 to 50ml

74
Q

ducts from the liver to gall bladder

A

hepatic ducts

75
Q

ducts of gall bladder

A

cystic ducts

76
Q

cystic ducts and hepatic ducts

A

common bile duct

77
Q

the bile duct and pancreatic duct opening into the duodenum

A

common hepatopancreatic duct

78
Q

common hepatopancreatic duct sphincter

A

sphincter of oddi

79
Q

a heterocrine gland

A

pancreas, from endoderm

80
Q

position of the pancreas

A

elongated organ situated between the limbs of the c shaped duodenum

81
Q

the exocrine portion of the pancreas and its secretion

A

acini

alkaline solution-pancreatic juice

82
Q

ducts of the pancreas

A
  1. duct of Santorini( accessory non-functional), opening directly into the duodenum
  2. duct of wirsung(functional and combines with bile duct to form the common hepatopancreatic duct
83
Q

digestion of food in the mouth

A

mastication of food
lubricating the food and with the tongue making it into a round ball called the bolus

the saliva contains electrolytes like na,k, cl,hco3.lysozyme and PTYALIN

ptyalin converts 30% of starch into maltose

84
Q

where all is salivary amylase missing

A

in most mammals like cows buffalos and carnivores like tigers and lions

but present in pigs

85
Q

gastric glands in the stomach

A

mucus neck cells secreting mucus and hco3

peptic or chief cells secreting proenzyme pepsinogen

parietal or oxyntic cells which secrete HCl and intrinsic factor(factor important for the absorption of vitamin B12 in intestines.)

86
Q

no secretion of HCl in stomach

A

achlorhydria

87
Q

digestion in stomach

A

it stores the food for 4-5 hours

the proenzyme pepsinogen gets converted to pepsin with exposure to HCl
it digests proteins to proteases and peptones

HCl provides an acidic environment of 1.8 which converts ferric to ferrous ions which help make the absorption of iron possible

rennin a proteolytic enzyme found in infants which helps in digestion of milk proteins

lipases are also secreted

88
Q

what is digested material leaving the stomach

A

chyme

89
Q

the pancreatic juice contains

A

inactive enzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, amylases, lipases, nucleases

90
Q

what does bile contain

A 
no enzymes
bile pigments: bilirubin and biliverdin
bile salts: sodium bicarb, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate  
cholesterol
phospholipids
ACTIVATES LIPASES AND EMULSIFIES FATS
91
Q

intestinal juices/succus entericus

A

secretions of the mucosa of the intestine(crypts of lieberkuhn) along with secretions of goblet cells.

maltases,sucrases,lactases, dipeptidases, lipases, nucleosidases, enterokinases, erepsin

crypts of lieberkuhn provides a pH of 7.6 for sufficient enzyme activity

92
Q

digestion in the small intestine(pancreatic juice)

A

enterokinases activate inactive trypsinogen to active trypsin which then activates all the other pancreatic enzymes

trypsin converts proteins and proteoses to peptones, peptides
carboxypeptidases convert peptides to dipeptides

chymotrypsin hydrolysis casein into para caseinate and then coagulates to form calcium para caseinate.

amylopsin(amylase) converts carbohydrates and starch into disaccharides and maltose

lipases(steapsin) converts fats to diglycerides and monoglycerides

nucleases converts RNA DNA to nucleotides

93
Q

digestion by the intestinal juice

A

erepsin converts peptides to dipeptides and amino acids

dipeptidases converts dipeptides to amino acids

lipases convert fats and monoglycerides, diglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids

maltase acts on maltose to give 2 glucose
lactase on lactose to give glucose and galactose
sucrase on sucrose to give glucose and fructose

nucleotidases on nucleotides to give nucleoside
nucleosidases on nucleosides yo give free bases and sugar

94
Q

trypsin in predatory animals

A

hydrolyse fibrinogen of blood into fibrin to form coagulation

95
Q

why can’t old people digest milk but yes to curd

A

they don’t have enough lactase to digest the lactose. this causes fermentation of lactose and hence gases and diarrhoea
in curd, the lactose is converted to lactic acid, therefore, no lactase required to digest it

96
Q

galactosemia

A

absence of enzyme uridyl transferase
as a result galactose will accumulate leading to mental retardation
can be prevented by giving them milk free diet

97
Q

part of the small intestine where the breakdown occurs

A

duodenum

98
Q

parts where absorption takes place in the small intestine

A

a bit in jejunum an in the ileum

99
Q

does digestion occur in the large intestine

A

no

100
Q

where does absorption of digested food take place

A

small intestine

101
Q

by what methods does absorption take place

A

active, passive or facilitated transport

102
Q

what all is absorbed into the blood by simple diffusion

A

glucose,amino acids, electrolytes like chloride ions

103
Q

what is absorbed by facilitated transport

A

fructose, amino acids are absorbed with the help of carrier proteins and carrier ions like Na+

104
Q

what all is absorbed by active transport

A

amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose, electrolytes like Na+

105
Q

what all are insoluble to be absorbed by the blood

A

fatty acids and glycerol, as they are insoluble in water

106
Q

how are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed

A

they are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles which then move into the intestinal mucosa. they are formed into small protein-coated fat globules
called chylomicrons which are then transported into the lymph vessels(lacteals of villi) they are absorbed into a fluid called chyle

they then are released into the blood stream

107
Q

what all is absorbed in the mouth

A

drugs coming in contact with the mucosa of the mouth and lower side of the tongue

eg: cardio drugs for immediate effect

108
Q

absorption in stomach

A

water, simple sugars, alcohol

109
Q

absorption in the large intestine

A

water, some drugs and minerals

110
Q

role of the large intestine

A

absorption of water

secretion of mucus which helps to adhere waste particles together

111
Q

what prevents the faecal matter from backwards entering the small intestine

A

ileo-caecal valve

112
Q

what temporary stores faeces

A

rectum

113
Q

what happens when eating raw fish

A

beriberi

the fish has an enzyme which breaks down thiamine which then further causes paralysis due to the deficiency of Vit B1

114
Q

what happens when drinking seawater

A

the seawater contains magnesium ions.
these ions are absorbed very slowly and the osmotic effect of these ions causes water to not be absorbed into the intestinal lumen

on the contrary, the ions absorb water from the blood
there is a large loss of water and fluidity of faeces

115
Q

how much chyme passes through the large intestine on a daily basis

A

1500 ml

116
Q

what does the colon do

A

absorbs most of the water electrolytes and ions by the active pumping of sodium and water by osmosis from the chyme

excretion of excess salts from the blood

population of E coli bacteria which produces vit B12. K,Thiamine and Ribaflavin

117
Q

what produces the brown colour in poop

A

breakdown of bile pigments to stercobilin pigment

118
Q

the foul smell of poop

A

microbial gases and skatole(3-methyl-indole)

119
Q

dark green mucaliganious material in the intestine of a full-term foetus

A

meconium

due to swallowed amniotic fluid and residues of excretory products from the intestinal mucosa

120
Q

what stimulates the secretion of saliva

A

sight smell or presence of food in the oral cavity

121
Q

by which nervous system is the muscular wall of alimentary canal stimulated

A

central nervous system

122
Q

strongest lipase

A

steapsin

123
Q

cholagogues

A

substances that cause the contraction of gall bladder

124
Q

the capacity of a human stomach

A

1.5-1.7 L

human physiology (9 decks)

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