human regeneration Flashcards
what is a primary sector
primary industry acquires raw materials eg crops, fish or minerals
what is a secondary sector
secondary industries manufacturers or assembles raw materials into new commodities
what is a tertiary sector
tertiary industry refers to services eg transporting the goods manufactured
what is a quaternary sector
quaternary industry is also known as the ‘knowledge’ sector of the economgy. Involves services such as IT.
what is the quinary sector
the quinary sector is the sector where the highest levels of decision making occur eg headmaster.
why is the primary sector decreasing during industrial time
due to mechanisation- using machines instead of by hand
what are the types of employment (6)
- permanent
- temporary
- full-time
- part-time
- employed
- self-employed
what is permanent employment
and temporary employment
- the worker has a contract that has no end-date
- the worker has a short term position, with a fixed end date
what is full-time employment and part-time employment
- the individual works 5 days a week
- the individual does not work 100% of the week. eg 3 days 60%
what is employed and self- employed
- the individual is a member of staff paid by their employer
- the individual is responsible for their own business and their income is paid to themselves
what is the glasgow effect
the impacts of poor health linked to deprivation
how is differences in economic activity reflected through what social factors
- health-variation in income affect the quality of people’s housing +diets, suffer as access to food and lifestyle choices. bad access to healthcare
- life expectancy- people have better healthcare in some areas due to being able to pay for it
- education- its a cycle that some areas worse education so stuck in cycle
what is the index of multiple deprivation
and what are the 7 factors to determine the IMD score?
measure used by central gov and local authorities to target regeneration aid (if area deprived)
1. income
2. employment
3. education
4. health
5. crime
6. barriers to housing and services
7. living environment
what is a function definition
the roles a place plays for its community and surroundings. functions may grow, disappear and change over time
what are the types of functions for an area (4)
administrative, commercial, retail and industrial
what is an administrative function
the area includes local authority offices who run the local services. also include national gov offices and the monarchy
what is a commercial function
the area contains recreation facilities such as sports centres and cinemas which provide services for people
what is a retail function
shops are available, selling range of goods
what is a industrial function
goods are manufactured in factories, air and noise pollution tend to be high
what are demographic characteristics (3)
- gentrification,
- age structure
- ethnic composition
what are the reasons for change in a place (change in function)
- physical factors
- accessibility and connectedness
- historical development
- the role of local and national planning.
how does physical factor cause a places funtion to change (3)
- sea levels rise and climate change are causing rapid coastal erosion
- climate change starting to shape policy, architecture and land- use decisions
- flood defences are developing to be multi-use with tourist attractions
how does accessibility and connectedness cause a places funtion to change (3)
- development of the uk’s motorways and rail networks changed importance of towns and villages
- many villages in Essex +kent more popular rural alternatives. Shenfield overtook brentwoods importance when railway line to london switched
- regional airports has facilitated immigration to rural areas
How has historical development cause a places funtion to change
some places current layout and characteristics still reflect their history
how has local and national planning cause a places funtion to change (3)
- national incfrastructure plan designed towns as new garden cities up to 13,000 new homesand new railway station
- rural villages risk overrun by urban area expansion
- new rail link increase house prices as opens up commuter network
what is gentrification
is a change in the social structure of a place where affluent people move in to a location. Planners may allow developers to upgrade a place’s characteristics to attract people of a higher social status and income
what is a boom town
a town showing very sudden growth and prosperity, as through the discovery of local mineral resources
what is a spiral of decline
- includes increasing levels of social deprivation (education, health, crime, access to services and living environment) in both deindustrialised urban areas and rural settlements
- where deindustrialisation causes people to be unemployed-> less money to spend->shops services less income-> shops close-> low investor confidence
what is economic inequality
occurs when income or wealth in a specific location is not even spread amongst the population
what is social inequality
occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly between the population
what are the 4 types of community
- commuter towns-residents normally work elsewhere
- sink estates-british council housing estate have high levels of economic and social deprivation
- rural settlements-characterised by historical out-migration influenced by farming and lack of employment
- gated communities- controlled entrances, closed perimeter of walls and fences
what was the difference between the national and local election turnouts
national- only 47% of people 18-24 voted
local-turnout was only 36%
how does studentification impact electiotn turnouts
low vote turnout where they are and from
what is lived experiences
is the actual experience of living in a particular place or environment. Such experience can have a profound impact on a person’s perceptions and values, as well as on their general development and their outlook on the world.
lived experiences of places vary according to… (5)
how do they impact the level of engagement
age, ethnicity, gender, length of residence (new
migrants, students) and levels of deprivation
why is there conflict in a community
as people have different views on the priorities for regeneration
what is infrastructure
the basic physical organisational structure and facilities (eg building, roads, power supplies) needed for the operatoin of a society or enterprise. Infrastructure projects are characterised by high costs and longevity
what are the 2 main factors of infrastructure projects
- high cost
- longevity
what is the role of the national government in regeneration (3)
- infrastructure investment
- rate and type of development
- decisions about international migration and capital markets
what is pump priming
when large amounts of private funds are needed to support regeneration
what are the 3 aspects of the role of government planning
- planning laws
- planning for housing needs
- planning for fracking
what is rural-urban continuum
the unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated, remote rural places to densely populated, intensively used urban places
what factors affect regeneration policy
- politics of the local area
- urban vs rural locations
- external factors (eg recession)
- legacy of the past/ past projects
- quality of the bid from gov/investors
- amount of pump priming needed
what is inward investment
involves an external or foreign entity either investing in or purchasing the good of a local economy. It is foreign money that comes into the domestic economy
what does the local gov do to improve an area
- investment in infrastructure for specific areas - science parks, improve transport to support trade, surperfast broadband
- offer incentives/ remove barriers for businesses - council tax discounts, relaxed planning laws, agreements with developers to reduce impact of new developments for direct support from council
- encourage external funding through the use of sport, art, culture or heritage - olympic regeneration / stratford
what are enterprise zones
incentives found on specific areas to attract investment
include:
* council and business tax discounts up to 100% over 5 years
* light-touch planning consent from last for building
* grants towards capital equipment
* most focus on industries such as bio-science, digital, advanced engineering, automobile +renewable energy
what is rebranding
is the way or ways in which a place is redeveloped and marketed so that is gains a new identity. It can then attract new investors and visitors. It may involve both re-imaging and regeneration
what is re-imaging
is the remodelling of areas to counter negative perceptions and provide ‘post-industrial’ functions. EG retailing, leisure and tourism
what is regeneration
is a long term process involving social, economic, and physical actions to reverse decline and create more sustainable communities
what are the actions that can be taken to promote urban areas
- try to change a negative image of a place
- help differentiate it from others
- link a place to an international event eg olympics
what are the outcomes of promoting an urban area
- attract new investment
- attract new tourists
- attract new residents
what is rural defined as
‘sparse’ areas are more than 30km away from urban areas and are generally very remote in character
what is post-production countryside
a rural place whose economy is no longer based on agriculture. This is a reflection of the increasingly small % of the workforce in traditional rural employment, and its contribution so the overall economy
what is post-productionism
changes in agriculture policy and practice shifting the emphasis away from maximum yields and towards a more sustainable agriculture
what problems face rural areas
- low wages- Cornwall has the lowest weekly wages in Britain at 25% below the uk average
- lack of rural services- 90% of areas that suffer from a lack of services are rural
- lack of employment opportunity- many young people in rural areas leave seeking better opportunities elsewhere creating a brain drain
- seasonal tourism- tourism has helped offset job losses but jobs are seasonal and the success of a season depends on the weather
- decline in Primary employment- decline resulted due to a combination of national and international causes creating the PPC
diversifying the countryside through non-agriculture-based
reduntant farm building converted to offices, light industry, tea shops, campsite, clay pigeon shooting, golf, music festivals
diversifying the countryside through agriculture-based
farming unusual animals, growing non-food crops (flowers), pharmaceutical crops, or energy crops
how does is heritage and literary associations diverse the countryside
capitalising on heritage in a rural area or links with locations that provide inspiration in literature.
how does forming diversification and specialised products diverse the countryside
introducing new activities for arable land to seek out new revenue streams
how does outdoor pursuits and adventure in accessible and remote areas diverse the countryside
as people visit
