human globalisation case studys Flashcards
When was China’s open door policy put in place
December 1978
what was China’s open door policy
opened the door to foreign businesses who wanted to set up in China
what was the first step to China’s open door policy
four special economic zones- authorised in southern china with tax incentives to attract foreign capital and businesses
when did China join the World Trade Orgaisation
2001
China can’t have a fully open door approach- open door parts
- foreign TNCs now alllowed to invest in some sector’s of China’s domestic market
- China ageed in 2014 to export more ‘rare earth’ minerals to other countries in line with WTO ruling
- FDI from China and it TNC is predicted to total us$1.25 trilllion between 2015-2025
closed door aspects of China
- Google and Facebook have little to no access to China’s market
- China’s government has a strict quota of only 34 foreign firms to be screened in cinemas each year
- there are strict controls on foreign TNCs in some sectors.
examples of glocalisation
- BMW makes right handed cars for the UK market
- Tesco doesn’t wrap fruit and vegetables in plastic in Thailand
example of outsourcing
BMW- 2500 different suppliers provide parts to assemble BMW’s mini car
some parts are outsourced from suppliers withn the EU (to avoid tarriffs)
an example of developing new markets
Cargill, lends money to wheat farmers, owns and runs vast grain transportation and storage businesses, has a joint venture with Monsanto to provide grain seeds.
has built 9 animal-feed mills in Vietnam in the last 17 years
an example of a detached place
- North Korea- since 1948 they divided from south korea.
- North Korea chose deliberately to remain politically isolated from the rest of the world.
- ordinary citizens do not have any access to the internet or social media
- there are no undersea data cables connecting North Korea with anywhere else.
the benefits of the global shift in Mumbai,India
Sjivaji is an international airport that is the main aviation hub for the city. capacity of teh airport is being increased to 40 million passengers annually.
headquarters of two of the Indian Railways
the costs of the global shift in Mumbai
workers exploited
highly repetitive work at night
the gap in wealth has widened sharply
manufacturing in China
1990 Chinese workers suffered in factory conditions similar to Victorian England
2000 cconditions improved
hi-tech manufacturing is boomimg, bringing in imported pay for skilled workers. High value products eg iphone are made in China
what is Redcar
producer of steel and home to the second largest blast furnace in Europe
final site closed in 2015
how many people lost their job at redcar
3300 jobs lost
what were the environmental, economic and social problems of deindustrialisation
envir-dereliction and contamination
econ- unemployment and deprivation
social- depopulation, deprivation, crime
when did detroit deindustrialisation occur
october 2013
what are the environmental, social and economical problems of detroit deindustrialisation
envir- chemical progressing remained 52 years, is empty industrial buildings
social- black families were barred from the suburbs
econ- In Detroit 40,000 of 230,000 unemployed
Mumbai India as a megacity what are the pull factors (attacting people to Mumbai)
educational opportunities with access to schools and unis
improved healthcare providers with access to hospitals and dentist
services such as water, electricity and sewage
Improve job perspectives with higher wages
Friends and family there to support
Mumbai India as a mega city push factors (forcing people to move from rural to Mumbai)
education and health standards are much better in rural areas
Jobs in agriculture become harder to find due to natural hazards
Only large farms afford chemicals and machinery so small farms can’t compete
Young people see farming as hard work with long hours and low pay
What are the social challenges of Mumbai being a mega city?
scooter settlements: lots of chawls- overcrowded blocks of one small room
average of 4000 cases of typhoid each day
Life expectancy is under 60 years old
Only 60% of households connected to sewage systems
One third of population of victims of crime
what are the environmental challenges of Mumbai being a mega city?
millions of tonnes of waste enter river each year
Waste pipes run close to sewers = leaking caused water contamination
Buses and trains overcrowded = high lovely of air pollution
an example of elite migration
Russian oligarchs in London
what have Russian oligarchs done to housing
due to high demand for housing is causing property price inflation, making London too expensive for most Londoners
positive of Russian oligarchs
elite migration is bringing investments to London. for example in the shard, canary Wharf and Harrods
what was chinas meat consumption in the 1990s
from 5kg to 50kg per person
what are the effects of increased meat consumption
to gain meat there has to be food for cattle (soya) which needs space to grow so leads to deforestation (Amazon)
how does the spread of global culture benefit disadvantaged groups
attitudes towards disabilities are changing
a driver in the shift in attitude been influenced by the global media which has helped turn the Paralympic games into one of the worlds biggest sporting events - it started as and event for war veterans
what was Amazonia and Papua New Guinea culture like
have occupied where they live for thousands of years without interruption however are becoming aware of western culture and lifestyles.
change in the Amazonia and Papua New Guinea culture
use to traditionally wear little today the t-shirt has become ubiquitous (present)
many young Amazonian are moving from the rainforest to urban areas leaving their traditional thatched homes
indigenous people no longer value local ecosystems the way they used to
inevitably social goals are becoming more important
what goals are important to Amazonian and people in Papua New Guinea
inevitably social goals are becoming more important and this can drive indigenous people to hunt endangered species for food or to sell
how many migrants from the Caribbean after the second world war, and how so easily
500,000
visa restrictions did not apply at this time to countries in the British Commonwealth
why did the UK need labour from migrants
1960s textile industry was booming
where was the Jumbo Wild Project proposed
British Columbia, Canada
what was the aim for the Jumbo glacier resort and why did people oppose
- to attract tourists all year round with skiing, accomodations and infastructure
- concerns of habitat destruction, etc ( was on indigenous protected and conserved area)
what were the strengths of the jumbo wild project
- the preserved area is maintaining its ecological integrity
- presented the potental harm of grizzly bears and other species
- respecte the cultural beliefs
- brought community together to protect
what were the weaknesses of the jumbo wild project
- loss of potential tourism, economic growth
- job opportunities lossed
- the decades of legal battles consumed significant financial and human resources
- divided community some for, some against
what were the opportunities of the jumbo wild project
- jumbo valley was an example of how we should protect land
- promoted eco-tourism and sustainable tourism alternatives
- increasing recognision of indigenous people
- increasing aweareness of sacred land
what were the threats of the jumbo wild project
challenges in securing the funding and resources to protect the valley
climate change could alter eco-systems despite protection
a legal shift that could alter protection
what is the Eden project
is a popular tourist site in Cornwall that houses plants from all over the world in 2 large biomes
what are the positives of the eden project
- each visitor spends on average £150 when visiting the Eden Project either there on in the local area.
- It employs 400 full time staff, 75% of these were previously unemployed
- it was built on a brownfield site
what are the costs of the eden project
- there is a large amount of traffic congestion as roads are not designed for huge numbers of people. This is
also more polluting for the environment - the project has an extremely high carbon footprint due to the specialists materials and equipment needed
what are the costs of local sourcing (5)
- reduces the demand for TNC goods and those made in LICs
- there might not be much local competition for the product meaning higher prices and inefficiencies
- supplier may come to depend too much on local buyers leading to complacency and inefficiency
- can make it harder to terminate contracts because it could cause local tensions and conflict
- local suppliers that are small businesses may be less efficient with restricted economies of scale
what are the benefits of local sourcing (5)
- money spent on local businesses will more likely stay and be spent again in the local economy rather than going to TNC HQ
- easier to know the practices and standards of local procedures- also no lax laws to be exploited
- shorter supply chains should boost predictability of delivery times and lower costs
- locally sourced goods reduce transportation distance and air miles cutting down air pollution and use of fossil fuels
- easier for face to face communication between buyer and supplier building trust and good business relationships
what is the bristol pound
- is a form of local, complementary, and/or community currency
- it’s objective is to encourage people to spend their moey with local, independent businesses in Bristol
what are the benefits of the bristol pound
- reduces transportation of goods and pollution (air miles etc)
- reduces demand for TNC goods exploiting workers and the environmental (lax laws) in LICs
- promotes self-sufficiency, local cohesion and boosts local economy as money is retained and spent in local economy (multiplier effect)
what is the cost of the bristol pound
- consumers face higher prices as TNCs can better local businesses (EOS)
- it can be seen as ‘exclusive’ and by reducing demand for TNC products may harm employment and economic growth in LICs
- some products are more efficiently produced elsewhere from environmental viewpoint (eg flowers, fruit etc)
what is keep Britain Tidy
they focus on reducing waste, promoting sustainability and enhancing public spaces
what is keep Britain Tidy strategies (3)
- waste reduction and prevention- encourage consumers to repair and repurpose items rather than dispose of them
- community education and engagement- provide resources to local authorities and organisations to communicate better the environmental benefits of reducing consumption
- corporate and collaborative actions-partner with businesses and governments to address broader systematic issues, such as litter enforcement, waste reduction in manufacturing
