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Human Physiology Digestion (All) Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion Parts

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, elimination

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2
Q

What is DNA and RNA broken into

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

Why is temperature of body 37 degrees

A

Optimum enzyme controlled temperature.

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4
Q

What process controls the way food moves through the Alimentary Canal

A

Automatic Nervous System keeps food moving, as it controls the contraction of the fibers of the inner circular muscles in a process knows as peristalsis

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5
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

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6
Q

Where is peristalsis occurring the most and the least

A

Highest at the esophagus
Lowest at the Intestines

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7
Q

Digestive Process that occurs in the mouth

A

Mechanic Breakdown, done through chewing
Enzymatic Breakdown, Salivary Amylase - pH 7

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8
Q

Digestive Process that occurs in the Esophagus

A

None, just persistalsis

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9
Q

Digestive Process that occurs in the Stomach

A

Mechanic Breakdown, Churning of food
Enzymatic Breakdown, Lined by Gastric Pits that release digestive juices creating an acidic environment for pepsin to function

Stomach has gastric glands, that release digestive acids, that create a low pH. environment of 2 ph. This acidic environment denatures proteins, and other macro molecules. The stomach consists of an epithelium that contains a mucus membrane that prevents acid from damaging the gastric lining.

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10
Q

ph of stomach

A

Around 2 (1.5 to 3)

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11
Q

Digestive Process that occurs in the liver

A

Breakdown of toxic products, storage of glucagon, production of bile

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12
Q

Digestive process that occurs in the pancreas

A

Produce bicarbonate ions that neutralize the stomach acid. Produces enzyme = trypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, nuclease, endopeptidase, Insulin production from B cells of islets of Langerhans

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13
Q

Function of Gall bladder

A

Storage of bile

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14
Q

Small intestine parts

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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15
Q

pH of small intestine

A

7

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16
Q

Function of Large intestine

A

Absorption of h20 and dissolved minerals to form indigestible food residue.
Many bacteria’s are found here that is useful for immune system

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17
Q

Mechanical Digestion parts

A

Chewing, Segmentation, Churning

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18
Q

Function of uvula

A

Prevents bolus from entering nasal cavity

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19
Q

Chyme

A

Semi digested pasta found in the stomach that consists of partially digested food and gastric Juices

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20
Q

Persistalsis

A

Longitudinal smooth muscles contract and relax

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21
Q

Segmentation

A

Non adjacent circular muscles contract and relax

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22
Q

Why is segmentation bidirectional

A

Slows down chyme movement, so there is better absorption of nutrients through the small intestine

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23
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes, acid, bile

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24
Q

What does bile consist of

A

Bile salts

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25
Definition of enzymes
Catalysts that speed up chemical reaction rate by lowering activation energy
26
Why are enzymes for digestion of disaccharides often immobilized on the epithelial lining of the small intestine, near the channel proteins
The membrane will be embedded with immobilized digestive enzymes and channel proteins to assist in material uptake allowing for more absorption to occur
27
HCl activates which enzyme
Pepsinogen into pepsin
28
Parts of a small intestine
Serosa, Muscle layer Submucosa Mucosa
29
Parts of a villi
Microvilli Rich blood supply Single layer epithelium Lacteals intestinal glands Membrane proteins
30
Parts of a villus epithelium
Tight junctions microvilli mitochondria pinocytotic vesicles
31
Serosa Definition
Protective Outer Covering composed of a layer of cells reinforced by fibrous connective tissues
32
Muscle Layer Definition
Outer Layer of longitudinal muscles and inner layer of circular muscle
33
Submucosa Definition
Connective Tissue separating muscle layer from innermost mucosa
34
Mucosa Definition
Highly folded inner layer (villi) that absorbs material through surface epithelium from intestinal lumen
35
Microvilli definition
Ruffling of epithelium membrane through finger like projections, to increase surface area to volume ratio Membrane is embedded with immobilized digestive enzymes and channel proteins to assist in material intake.
36
Rich Blood Supply definition
Dense capillary network rapidly transports absorbed products
37
Single layer epithelium defintion
Minimizes diffusion distance between lumen and blood
38
Lacteals Definition
Absorbs Lipids from the intestine into the lymphatic system
39
Intestinal Glands Definition
Exocrine pits release digestive juices
40
Membrane Proteins Definition
Facilitates transports of digested materials into epithelial cell
41
Tight Junctions Definition
Occluding associations between the plasma membrane of 2 adjacent cells, creating an impermeable membrane Ensures that digestive fluids are separated from tissues and maintains a concentration gradient to ensure one way movement.
42
Mitochondria cells in the epithelial cells
large number as it needs large number of atp for active transport and pinocytosis.
43
Exocrine Gland definition
Gland that secrete to a specific area through a duct
44
Exocrine Glands secrete what in digestion
Saliva, Bile, Gastric Juice, Pancreatic Juice
45
Exocrine Glands secrete what in digestion
Saliva, Bile, Gastric Juice, Pancreatic Juice
46
Catabolism Definition
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy
47
Endocrine Gland in the Pancreas
Small group of cells that secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.
48
Exocrine Gland in the pancreas
Secrete enzymes into the gut in response to eating a meal
49
Adaptations in small intestine
7m in length Folding of the inner surface Villi - small finger like projections to increase the surface area Micro Villi - extensions of the cytoplasm on the epithelial cells facing the lumen
50
Amylose bonds
1-4 alpha glucose
51
Amylopectin Bonds
1-4 alpha glucose and 1-6 glucose Branched
52
Properties of a dialysis tubing
Size specific permeability
53
Why are digestive juices secreted when needed
- Saves resources (Most digestive juices are enzymes which are synthesised from amino acids) - Saves energy (Protein is synthesis requires ATP)
54
How is digestive juices secretion controlled
Hormonal and nervous mechanisms - Secreted into the lumen of the gut by exocrine glands
55
Secretory Cells acini cells features
- many mitochondria to provide energy for protein synthesis - Large number of RER for synthesis of digestive enzymes - Nucleoli in the nucleus for synthesis of ribosomes for the RER - Several Golgi Apparatuses for processing the protein coming from the RER - Large number of secretory vesicles for storing the enzyme prior to secretion
56
Control of release of gastric juice
Secretions involves both hormonal and nervous control - Sight and smell of food trigger a nerve impulse. These nerve impulses are sent via the vagus nerve and reach the wall of the stomach. - Nerve impulses stimulate the release of gastric juice when the food enters the stomach - In the wall of the stomach, stretch receptions (mechanoreceptors) send nerve impulses to the brain - Impulses from the brain stimulate the release of the hormone Gastrin from the stomach wall - Digestion of protein specific amino acids which stimulate chemoreceptors in the wall of the stomach - These send nerve impulses via a local nerve net to the Gastrin secreting glands. This maintains the flow of Gastrin - Gastrin maintains the flow of gastric juice over a longer time period
57
What does gastric juice contain
Pepsin, rennin and hydrochloric acid, mucus and water
58
How is the stomach of the pH controlled
Via negative feedback, when it falls too low the release of Gastrin in inhibited by the hormones secretin and somatostatin
59
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors are drugs that block the activity of ATPase The reduces proton secretion and the pH of the stomach becomes less acidic This gives relief from heartburn It allows the ulcerated part of the stomach wall to heal
60
Helicobacteria Pylori and stomach cancer
The shape and the movement of the bacteria allow them to penetrate the protective mucus layer, they secrete substances that reduce the effectiveness of the mucus later and this allows gastric acid to reach the stomach wall and causes ulcers.
61
Villi adaptations
- Finger like shape - Microvilli - Enzymes - Many mitochondria - Dense capillary Networks - Lacteal - Tight junctions - Pinocytotic Vesicles - Different types of proteins on the apical surface
62
What does faeces contain
Fibre, biliburin (from bile that comes from the breakdown of RBC in liver), undirected materials
63
Explain Cholera and its effects
Caused by vibrio cholera Bacteria spreads in water and food When it reaches the intestine it releases a toxin that is taken up by the Villi through Endocytosis. The toxin causes a response in the cell to secrete chrolide and hydrogen Carbondale ions. water leaves the cells through osmosis, that causes diarrhoea and dehydration that could lead to death. Patients treated with rehydration salts.

Biology HL (6 decks)

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