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Biology HL > Heart and Blood system (All) > Flashcards

Heart and Blood system (All) Flashcards

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1
Q

William Harvey Theory

A
  • Blood flows through large vessels in one direction
  • Valves prevent backflow
  • Rate of blood flow was high, thus blood was not being consumed rather it was being recycled
  • Blood flows out of the heart via arteries and back into the heart via veins
  • Predicted that there were tiny vessels connecting arteries and veins together
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2
Q

Galen Theory

A

Blood is formed in the liver and the right ventricle of the heart

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3
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body

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4
Q

Arteries adaptations and structure

A

-Thick muscular Walls to pump blood at high pressures.
-Elastic and Muscle tissues to control blood flow
- Narrow Lumen
- Outer layer of collagen to prevent artery from rupturing at high pressure

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5
Q

How is the pressure in the artery sustained

A

Elastic tissues contain elastin fibers that store energy when stretched. And when they are recoiled, the energy is released propelling the blood along the artery thus maintaining high pressure.

and a small lumen

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6
Q

Layers of the artery wall

A

1) Tunica externa
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica intima

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7
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Tough layer of connective tissues

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8
Q

Tunica media

A

Thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers made of elastin

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9
Q

Tunica intima

A

Smooth endothelium forming the lining of the artery

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10
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Peak pressure reached in an artery

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10
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

Lowest pressure reached in an artery

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11
Q

Capillaries size

A

10 micro meters in diameter (allows one one red blood cell to pass through at a time, decreasing diffusion distance)

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12
Q

What materials can pass through capillary wall

A

Oxygen, glucose and other blood susbtances

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13
Q

What materials cannot pass through capillary wall

A

Large protein molecules

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14
Q

Veins

A

Collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return in to the atria of the heart.

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15
Q

How is blood flow going against gravity in the veins

A

Due to the pressure of the skeletal muscles that shorten and widen as they contract.
and valves

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16
Q

Fish circulatory system

A

Single circulatory system,
Blood is pumped to gills to become oxygenated, and it flows to other organs before going back to the heart

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17
Q

Mammals circulatory system

A

Double circulatory system.
1) Pulmonary circulation - To and from the lungs
2) Systemic Circulation - To and from all the other organs including the heart

Heart acts like a dual pump, delivering blood at different pressures

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18
Q

What nourishes the heart

A

Your coronary arteries carry blood to your heart. They supply your heart muscles with the oxygen and nutrients they need to pump blood through your body.

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19
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Development of fatty tissues called atheroma in the artery wall.

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20
Q

Coronary Occlusion

A

Narrowing of the coronary arteries supplying the heart with oxygen, and nutrients.

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21
Q

Explain the process of atherosclerosis

A
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22
Q

What initiates heartbeat

A

Group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node

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23
Q

Why is heartbeat myogenic

A

Heart muscles can contract on its own without stimulation from motor neutrons. These contractions are generated within the heart muscles themselves.

Signal for cordial compression initiated by cardiomyocytes than brain signals

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24
Q

Why is Sinoatrial node called the pacemaker

A

As it initiates each heartbeat, and therefore sets the pace of the heating of the heart. If the Sinoatrial node becomes defective is it relaced by a device placed under the skin with electrodes implanted 9in the heart wall.

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25
Q

Number of layers in capillary

A

1, tunica intima

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26
Q

Number of layers in veins

A

3, Tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima

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27
Q

Conditions that cause the heart rate to increase

A

Low blood pressure
low oxygen
low ph

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28
Q

Conditions that cause the heart rate to decrease

A

High oxygen conc
high ph
high blood pressure

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29
Q

What nerves that come from the medulla of the brain affect heart rate

A

Accelerator nerve
depressor nerve

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30
Q

where is epinephrine secreted

A

Adrenal Gland

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31
Q

When is epinephrine secreted

A

Vigorous exercise or fight/flight response

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32
Q

Atrioventricular valves are

A

Tricuspid valve (Right
Bicuspid valve ( Left)

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33
Q

Heart Muscle name

A

Myocardium

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34
Q

Left side of the heart has thicker muscles

A

Pumps blood further to the rest of the body (larger distance)

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35
Q

The process that maintains the pressure of blood in the artery and ensures that blood moves froward

A

Elastic recoil and vasconstriction

36
Q

Capillaries

A

Permeable wall that allows exchange of materials between cells in tissues and blood in capillaries

37
Q

Capillaries structure

A
  • small diameter
  • Capillary walls made out of a single layer of cells
  • Contain pores to further aid in transport of materials between tissue fluid and the blood
38
Q

Types of capillaries

A
  • continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Sinusoid
39
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Continuous endothelial lining.
They have tight junctions between their endothelial cells along with intercellular clefts through which small molecules, like ions, can pass.

Found in : the nervous system, fat and muscle tissue

40
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Found : tissues where a large amount of molecular exchange occurs, such as the kidneys, endocrine glands, and small intestine.

They are particularly important in the glomeruli of the kidneys, as they are involved in filtration of the blood during the formation of urine.

The capillaries have small openings in their endothelium known as fenestra, that act as pores.
This arrangement allows quick movement of macromolecules in and out of the capillary. The basement membrane of the epithelial cells in the lining remains unbroken by the fenestra.

41
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A
  • have endothelial linings with multiple fenestrations (openings) and have an intercellular gap. They also have an incomplete basement membrane. This allows blood cells and serum proteins to pass through the capillary wall as if it were a colander.

Permeable to large molecules

Found in : The liver, between epithelial cells and hepatocytes. They can also be found in the sinusoids of the spleen where they are involved in the filtration of blood to remove antigens, defective red blood cells, and microorganisms.

42
Q

How is the high blood pressure of the artery, dissipated

A

Via multiple branching of the capillary vessel and narrowing of the lumen,

43
Q

Describe material exchange in the capillary

A

Blood flows through the capillaries very slowly and at a very low pressure in order to allow for maximal material exchange

The high blood pressure in arteries is dissipated by extensive branching of the vessels and the narrowing of the lumen

1) Filtration (Process when fluid exits the capillary, as hydrostatic pressure in the capillary is greater than blood osmotic pressure)
The higher hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary forces material from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid.

2) No net Movement (Capillary hydrostatic pressure = Blood osmotic pressure)
Material that exits the capillaries at body tissues include oxygen and nutrients (needed by the cells for respiration)

3) Reabsorption (Fluid cells enter capillary as blood osmotic pressure is greater than the capillary hydrostatic pressure)
The lower hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of the capillary allows materials from the tissues to enter the bloodstream

Materials that enters the capillaries at body tissues include carbon dioxide and urea (wastes produced by the cells)

44
Q

Function of veins

A

Collect the blood from the tissues and convey it at low pressure to the atria of the heart

45
Q

Structure of Veins

A

Wide lumen to maximize blood flow
Thin wall containing less muscle and elastic fibres
Valves

46
Q

Relationship between valves and skeletal muscles

A

Muscles relaxed = valves closed
Muscles contract = Valves open

47
Q

Components of a heart

A

valves
chambers
vessels

48
Q

Semilunar valves

A

aortic valve (left)
Pulmonary valve (right) )

49
Q

SA node contractions per minute

A

60 - 100

50
Q

AV node contractions per minute

A

40 - 60

51
Q

Teritiary pacemaker contractions per minute

A

30 - 40

52
Q

Describe the myogenic contractions of the heart

A

1) SA node sends out electrical signals to stimulate myocardium contractions
2) Atria contracts and stimulates AV node
3) Av node sends signals down bundle of his
4) Bundle of his innervates Purkinjean fibersSy in ventricular walls causing ventricular contractions

53
Q

Sympathethic nerve

A

release nueotransmitter noradrenaline to increase heart rate

54
Q

Parasympathetic nerve

A

Release neurotransmitters acetylcholine to decrease heart rate

55
Q

Composition of Blood

A

55% plasma
45% RBS
<1% Buffy coat (WBC and platelets)

56
Q

Plasma

A

Mostly water
functions as a transport medium
contain electrolytes that maintain the fluid balance and blood ph
proteins in blood plasma maintain osmotic potential, transport lips, help blood clotting

57
Q

Red Blood Cell

A

Erythrocytes, responsible for transporting oxygen around the body
oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at lungs

58
Q

Buffy coat

A

WBC and platelets
Leukocytes - immune defense
thrombocytes - blood clotting

59
Q

Cardiac Conduction

A

Cardiac muscle cells are not fused together but connected via gap junctions at intercalated disks. Hence allowing independent contraction of each cell

60
Q

Atrial contraction

A

SA node sends out electrical signals that are propagated throughout the entire gap junctions in the intercalated disks. This causes the cardiac muscles within the atrial wall to contract

61
Q

Av node location

A

Cardiac skeleton at the atrial and ventricular junction

62
Q

Reasons for delay in the heartbeat

A

optimizes blood flow between contractions
Allows time for atrial systole before AV valves close

63
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Caused by excitation of Atrioventricular node.

Av nodes sends signals to septum via specialsied bundles of cardiomyocytes called bundle of HIS. These fibres innervates purkinje fibres in ventriuclar walls, causing cardiac muscls to contract.

64
Q

Refractory period

A

Period immediately after a contraction, where there is a period of insensitivity to stimulus.

65
Q

Reason for refractory period

A

Allows heart to passively refill with blood between beats. Allows heart tissue to not become fatigued to ensure continued contractions for life.

66
Q

Heart Sounds caused by

A

av and semilunar valves closing due to changes of pressure.

67
Q

Purpose of valves in heart

A

Prevent backflow
ensures blood flows unidirectionally

68
Q

Lub sound caused by

A

Closing of av valve
Ventricular systole

69
Q

Dub sound caused by

A

Closing of semilunar valve
ventricular diastole

70
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Series of events that take place in the heart, over a duration of a single heart beat. Comprised of diastole and systole.

71
Q

Cardiac cycle mapped through

A

An electrograph that generates and electrocardiogram

72
Q

Tarchycardia

A

Elevated resting heart rate
>120

73
Q

Bradycardia

A

Depressed resting heart rate
<40 bbm

74
Q

Arrythymia

A

Irregular Heart Beats

75
Q

Fibrillation

A

Unsynchronized contractions of atria or ventricles. That causes spasmodic heart activity.

76
Q

Cardiac Output

A

HR * SV

77
Q

Heart rate measured by

A

Measured by number of contractions per minute

78
Q

Heart Rate affected by

A

Exercise
Disease
Emotional States
Age
Temperature

79
Q

Heart Rate controlled by

A

Nervous system - Parasympathetic system and sympathic system
Hormones - epinephrine, Adrenaline

80
Q

Parasympathetic system is…

A

Vagus Nerve,
higher vagus nerve activity, lower the heart rate

81
Q

Blood pressure measured by

A

Volume of blood pumped to the body with each heart beat

82
Q

Blood pressure affected by

A

Volume of blood in body
Contractibility of heart
Level of resistance from blood vessels

83
Q

Healthy Blood Pressure

A

120/80
140/ 90

84
Q

Heart Disorders

A

Hypertension
Thrombosis
Coronary Heart Disease

85
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure over 140/90
sedentary lifestyle , high salt or fat diets
excessive alcohol use
medications and kidney disease

86
Q

How does high salt lead to hypertension

A

Kidneys reabsorb water to maintain homeostasis and greater blood volume raises blood pressure

87
Q

Thrombosis

A

Formation of clots within blood vessels that forms part of the circulatory system.
Occurs in the arteries when vessels are damaged due to atherosclerosis.

88
Q

What treatment is used for bradycardia

A

Pacemaker

Biology HL (6 decks)

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