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Biology HL > Heart and Blood system (All) > Flashcards

Heart and Blood system (All) Flashcards

1
Q

William Harvey Theory

A
  • Blood flows through large vessels in one direction
  • Valves prevent backflow
  • Rate of blood flow was high, thus blood was not being consumed rather it was being recycled
  • Blood flows out of the heart via arteries and back into the heart via veins
  • Predicted that there were tiny vessels connecting arteries and veins together
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2
Q

Galen Theory

A

Blood is formed in the liver and the right ventricle of the heart

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3
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body

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4
Q

Arteries adaptations and structure

A

-Thick muscular Walls to pump blood at high pressures.
-Elastic and Muscle tissues to control blood flow
- Narrow Lumen
- Outer layer of collagen to prevent artery from rupturing at high pressure

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5
Q

How is the pressure in the artery sustained

A

Elastic tissues contain elastin fibers that store energy when stretched. And when they are recoiled, the energy is released propelling the blood along the artery thus maintaining high pressure.

and a small lumen

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6
Q

Layers of the artery wall

A

1) Tunica externa
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica intima

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7
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Tough layer of connective tissues

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8
Q

Tunica media

A

Thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers made of elastin

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9
Q

Tunica intima

A

Smooth endothelium forming the lining of the artery

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10
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Peak pressure reached in an artery

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10
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

Lowest pressure reached in an artery

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11
Q

Capillaries size

A

10 micro meters in diameter (allows one one red blood cell to pass through at a time, decreasing diffusion distance)

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12
Q

What materials can pass through capillary wall

A

Oxygen, glucose and other blood susbtances

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13
Q

What materials cannot pass through capillary wall

A

Large protein molecules

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14
Q

Veins

A

Collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return in to the atria of the heart.

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15
Q

How is blood flow going against gravity in the veins

A

Due to the pressure of the skeletal muscles that shorten and widen as they contract.
and valves

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16
Q

Fish circulatory system

A

Single circulatory system,
Blood is pumped to gills to become oxygenated, and it flows to other organs before going back to the heart

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17
Q

Mammals circulatory system

A

Double circulatory system.
1) Pulmonary circulation - To and from the lungs
2) Systemic Circulation - To and from all the other organs including the heart

Heart acts like a dual pump, delivering blood at different pressures

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18
Q

What nourishes the heart

A

Your coronary arteries carry blood to your heart. They supply your heart muscles with the oxygen and nutrients they need to pump blood through your body.

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19
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Development of fatty tissues called atheroma in the artery wall.

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20
Q

Coronary Occlusion

A

Narrowing of the coronary arteries supplying the heart with oxygen, and nutrients.

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21
Q

Explain the process of atherosclerosis

A
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22
Q

What initiates heartbeat

A

Group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node

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23
Q

Why is heartbeat myogenic

A

Heart muscles can contract on its own without stimulation from motor neutrons. These contractions are generated within the heart muscles themselves.

Signal for cordial compression initiated by cardiomyocytes than brain signals

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24
Why is Sinoatrial node called the pacemaker
As it initiates each heartbeat, and therefore sets the pace of the heating of the heart. If the Sinoatrial node becomes defective is it relaced by a device placed under the skin with electrodes implanted 9in the heart wall.
25
Number of layers in capillary
1, tunica intima
26
Number of layers in veins
3, Tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima
27
Conditions that cause the heart rate to increase
Low blood pressure low oxygen low ph
28
Conditions that cause the heart rate to decrease
High oxygen conc high ph high blood pressure
29
What nerves that come from the medulla of the brain affect heart rate
Accelerator nerve depressor nerve
30
where is epinephrine secreted
Adrenal Gland
31
When is epinephrine secreted
Vigorous exercise or fight/flight response
32
Atrioventricular valves are
Tricuspid valve (Right Bicuspid valve ( Left)
33
Heart Muscle name
Myocardium
34
Left side of the heart has thicker muscles
Pumps blood further to the rest of the body (larger distance)
35
The process that maintains the pressure of blood in the artery and ensures that blood moves froward
Elastic recoil and vasconstriction
36
Capillaries
Permeable wall that allows exchange of materials between cells in tissues and blood in capillaries
37
Capillaries structure
- small diameter - Capillary walls made out of a single layer of cells - Contain pores to further aid in transport of materials between tissue fluid and the blood
38
Types of capillaries
- continuous - Fenestrated - Sinusoid
39
Continuous capillaries
Continuous endothelial lining. They have tight junctions between their endothelial cells along with intercellular clefts through which small molecules, like ions, can pass. Found in : the nervous system, fat and muscle tissue
40
Fenestrated capillaries
Found : tissues where a large amount of molecular exchange occurs, such as the kidneys, endocrine glands, and small intestine. They are particularly important in the glomeruli of the kidneys, as they are involved in filtration of the blood during the formation of urine. The capillaries have small openings in their endothelium known as fenestra, that act as pores. This arrangement allows quick movement of macromolecules in and out of the capillary. The basement membrane of the epithelial cells in the lining remains unbroken by the fenestra.
41
Sinusoidal Capillaries
- have endothelial linings with multiple fenestrations (openings) and have an intercellular gap. They also have an incomplete basement membrane. This allows blood cells and serum proteins to pass through the capillary wall as if it were a colander. Permeable to large molecules Found in : The liver, between epithelial cells and hepatocytes. They can also be found in the sinusoids of the spleen where they are involved in the filtration of blood to remove antigens, defective red blood cells, and microorganisms.
42
How is the high blood pressure of the artery, dissipated
Via multiple branching of the capillary vessel and narrowing of the lumen,
43
Describe material exchange in the capillary
Blood flows through the capillaries very slowly and at a very low pressure in order to allow for maximal material exchange The high blood pressure in arteries is dissipated by extensive branching of the vessels and the narrowing of the lumen 1) Filtration (Process when fluid exits the capillary, as hydrostatic pressure in the capillary is greater than blood osmotic pressure) The higher hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary forces material from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid. 2) No net Movement (Capillary hydrostatic pressure = Blood osmotic pressure) Material that exits the capillaries at body tissues include oxygen and nutrients (needed by the cells for respiration) 3) Reabsorption (Fluid cells enter capillary as blood osmotic pressure is greater than the capillary hydrostatic pressure) The lower hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of the capillary allows materials from the tissues to enter the bloodstream Materials that enters the capillaries at body tissues include carbon dioxide and urea (wastes produced by the cells)
44
Function of veins
Collect the blood from the tissues and convey it at low pressure to the atria of the heart
45
Structure of Veins
Wide lumen to maximize blood flow Thin wall containing less muscle and elastic fibres Valves
46
Relationship between valves and skeletal muscles
Muscles relaxed = valves closed Muscles contract = Valves open
47
Components of a heart
valves chambers vessels
48
Semilunar valves
aortic valve (left) Pulmonary valve (right) )
49
SA node contractions per minute
60 - 100
50
AV node contractions per minute
40 - 60
51
Teritiary pacemaker contractions per minute
30 - 40
52
Describe the myogenic contractions of the heart
1) SA node sends out electrical signals to stimulate myocardium contractions 2) Atria contracts and stimulates AV node 3) Av node sends signals down bundle of his 4) Bundle of his innervates Purkinjean fibersSy in ventricular walls causing ventricular contractions
53
Sympathethic nerve
release nueotransmitter noradrenaline to increase heart rate
54
Parasympathetic nerve
Release neurotransmitters acetylcholine to decrease heart rate
55
Composition of Blood
55% plasma 45% RBS <1% Buffy coat (WBC and platelets)
56
Plasma
Mostly water functions as a transport medium contain electrolytes that maintain the fluid balance and blood ph proteins in blood plasma maintain osmotic potential, transport lips, help blood clotting
57
Red Blood Cell
Erythrocytes, responsible for transporting oxygen around the body oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at lungs
58
Buffy coat
WBC and platelets Leukocytes - immune defense thrombocytes - blood clotting
59
Cardiac Conduction
Cardiac muscle cells are not fused together but connected via gap junctions at intercalated disks. Hence allowing independent contraction of each cell
60
Atrial contraction
SA node sends out electrical signals that are propagated throughout the entire gap junctions in the intercalated disks. This causes the cardiac muscles within the atrial wall to contract
61
Av node location
Cardiac skeleton at the atrial and ventricular junction
62
Reasons for delay in the heartbeat
optimizes blood flow between contractions Allows time for atrial systole before AV valves close
63
Ventricular systole
Caused by excitation of Atrioventricular node. Av nodes sends signals to septum via specialsied bundles of cardiomyocytes called bundle of HIS. These fibres innervates purkinje fibres in ventriuclar walls, causing cardiac muscls to contract.
64
Refractory period
Period immediately after a contraction, where there is a period of insensitivity to stimulus.
65
Reason for refractory period
Allows heart to passively refill with blood between beats. Allows heart tissue to not become fatigued to ensure continued contractions for life.
66
Heart Sounds caused by
av and semilunar valves closing due to changes of pressure.
67
Purpose of valves in heart
Prevent backflow ensures blood flows unidirectionally
68
Lub sound caused by
Closing of av valve Ventricular systole
69
Dub sound caused by
Closing of semilunar valve ventricular diastole
70
Cardiac Cycle
Series of events that take place in the heart, over a duration of a single heart beat. Comprised of diastole and systole.
71
Cardiac cycle mapped through
An electrograph that generates and electrocardiogram
72
Tarchycardia
Elevated resting heart rate >120
73
Bradycardia
Depressed resting heart rate <40 bbm
74
Arrythymia
Irregular Heart Beats
75
Fibrillation
Unsynchronized contractions of atria or ventricles. That causes spasmodic heart activity.
76
Cardiac Output
HR * SV
77
Heart rate measured by
Measured by number of contractions per minute
78
Heart Rate affected by
Exercise Disease Emotional States Age Temperature
79
Heart Rate controlled by
Nervous system - Parasympathetic system and sympathic system Hormones - epinephrine, Adrenaline
80
Parasympathetic system is...
Vagus Nerve, higher vagus nerve activity, lower the heart rate
81
Blood pressure measured by
Volume of blood pumped to the body with each heart beat
82
Blood pressure affected by
Volume of blood in body Contractibility of heart Level of resistance from blood vessels
83
Healthy Blood Pressure
120/80 140/ 90
84
Heart Disorders
Hypertension Thrombosis Coronary Heart Disease
85
Hypertension
High blood pressure over 140/90 sedentary lifestyle , high salt or fat diets excessive alcohol use medications and kidney disease
86
How does high salt lead to hypertension
Kidneys reabsorb water to maintain homeostasis and greater blood volume raises blood pressure
87
Thrombosis
Formation of clots within blood vessels that forms part of the circulatory system. Occurs in the arteries when vessels are damaged due to atherosclerosis.
88
What treatment is used for bradycardia
Pacemaker

Biology HL (6 decks)

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