Human Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient

A

Chemical substance found in foods and is used in human body

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2
Q

Essential Nutrient

A

Cannot be synthesised by the body and must be inhested as part of a diet

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3
Q

Non essential Nutrient

A

Can be made by the body or has a replacement nutrient that serves the same dietary purpose

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4
Q

Why are carbohydrates non essential

A

Cna be obtained from othet sources without ill effect

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5
Q

Trace minerals and examples

A

Needed in small amounts, ex iron, copper and zinc

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6
Q

Macrominerals and examples

A

Needed in large numbers ex, calcium, phosphate and chloride

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7
Q

Malnutrition

A

Caused by deficiency , imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet.
Caused by inadeuqate utilisation of nutrients by the body due to illeness or disease

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8
Q

Sighns of malnutriton

A

Stunted growth, wasting , obesity

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9
Q

How is energy content of food determined

A

Via combustion,
burning a sample of known mass and measruign the energy released via calorimetry

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10
Q

Formula to find energy content of food

A

(Mass of water * 4.2* temp increase) / mass of food

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11
Q

Error of calorimetry

A

Unwanted loss of heat to the environment

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12
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

9

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13
Q

Define Amino acids

A
  • Monomeric building blocks of proteins
  • 20 different amino acids that are universal to all living organisms
  • Essential or non essential or conditionally non essential
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14
Q

What’s conditionally non essential amino acids

A

Can be produced by the body but at rates lower than certain conditional requirement such as pregnancy or infancy, they are essential at certain times only.

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15
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Genetic condition that results in impaired metabolsim of the amino acid and phenylanine

  • Autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation to the enxyme phnylanine hydrooxylase
  • causes toxic build up of phnylketone in the blood and urine
  • Leads to brain damage and mental retardation diagnosis via a blood test
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16
Q

how is PKU treated

A

Enforcing a strict diet, to restrict phenylamine to prevent its build up in the body.

  • Low protein diet
  • supplemented formula that contains essential amino acids
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17
Q

Lipids definition

A

Humans synthesize most fatty acids from carbohydrates except 2 cis polyunsaturated fatty acids.

18
Q

Why cant humans produce omega 3 and 6

A

Lack the enzyme needed to introduce the double bonds at the required position of the carbon chain.

19
Q

Why are essential fatty acids needed

A

To make lipid based compounds, that play a role as signaling molecules in the body.

20
Q

How are fats and cholesterol transported

A

packaged to form lipoproteins for transport, this is due to fats and cholesterol being unable to dissolve in the bloodstream.

21
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoproteins,
carried from liver to body
Increase blood cholesterol

22
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoproteins
carried excess from body to liver
decrease blood cholesterol for disposal

23
Q

Trans fats effects on the body

A

Increase LDL, and decrease HDL

24
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening and narrowing of arteries, caused by an increase in LDL, that forms deposits on the walls of the arteries.
The accumulation of fat within the arterial wall leads to the development of plaque that restrict blood floe.
If coronary arteries become blocked CH results in heart attack and stroke.

25
Define Vitamins
Chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body Essential molecules Water Soluble - B and C (excess lost in urine) Fat soluble - A,D,E, K (stored within the body)
26
Functions of vitamins
Cofactors, anti oxidants or hormones.
27
Ascorbic acid definition
Vitamin C. required for metabolic activities within plants and animals In mammals it functions as a potent antioxidant and plays an important role in the immune function Involved in collagen synthesis and in lipoprotein synthesis
28
Deficiency of vitamin c
Scurvy and weakening of immune system
29
Effects of lack of vitamin C
SHADES Skin discoloration Hemorrhaging Anemia Dental issues Exhaustion Swelling of joints
30
Vitamin D definition
Involved in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the body and contribute to bone mineralisation
31
Vitamin D deficiency and other minerals
In absence of vitamin d, elements such as calcium and phosphorous are not absorbed but excreted in feces
32
Vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia Rickets
33
Where is vitamin D stored
Liver
34
Effects of a lack of Vitamin D
BADGES bone fragility Atrophy Dental problems Growth retardation Enlargement of liver skeletal deformities
35
Define Minerals
Dietary minerals are chemical elements that are required as an essential nutrients by organisms
36
Minerals in plant development
Magnesium - chlorophyll Potassium - in sap to maintain water potential Calcium - Important for plant root and shoot elongation
37
What controls hunger
Hormonal signals (Stimulate or inhibit appetite control center to promote hunger or satiety)
38
The release of hormones can be triggered how
stretch receptors Adipose tissue in response to fat storage Pancreases release hormones in response to changes in blood sugar content
39
Ghrelin
stomach hunger response
40
Glucagon
Pancreas Hunger response
41
Leptin
Adipose tissues Satiety response
42
CCK
intestine Satiety response