Human Physiology

Question 1

active immunity

Answer 1

immunity produced when an immune system reacts to a stimulus (e.g., bacteria, virus, or vaccine) and produces antibodies and cells that will protect the body from future attacks

Question 2

acetylcholine vesicle

Answer 2

chemical substance responsible for transmitting nerve impulses across a synapse

Question 3

antagonistic muscle pair

Answer 3

skeletal muscles that provide bending and extending of joints; while one muscle contracts, the other relaxes

Question 4

autoimmune disorder

Answer 4

disorder resulting from the body is attacked by its own immune system; examples are rheumatoid arthritis and system lupus erythematosus

Question 5

cartilage

Answer 5

a type of connective tissue (softer than bone, harder than ligament) found at the ends of bones, permitting smooth joint movement; also provides structure for ears and nose

Question 6

chondrocyte

Answer 6

a mature cell within cartilage that provides the structural components of cartilage

Question 7

endoskeleton

Answer 7

an internal support structure of the body

Question 8

exoskeleton

Answer 8

an external protective hard outer covering of many invertebrates; examples are insects and shell fish

Question 9

hemoglobin

Answer 9

organic biomolecule responsible for the color red in the bloodstream that carries oxygen to all the tissues of the body

Question 10

herd immunity

Answer 10

the resistance of group or community to invasion and spread of an infectious disease, based on the immunity of a high proportion of the group’s members

Question 11

hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 11

a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscle fibers that contract to change the shape and/or function of the body cavity; primarily found in soft-bodied invertebrates

Question 12

immunodeficiency

Answer 12

the body’s decreased ability to fight infection and disease; also called immune deficiency

Question 13

immunogenity

Answer 13

an antigen’s or vaccine’s ability to stimulate an immune response

Question 14

ligament

Answer 14

fibrous tissue band connecting bone to bone or cartilage to bone; provides support and strength to joints

Question 15

memory cell

Answer 15

a subset of T and B cells produced by the immune system to respond to second and subsequent infections

Question 16

muscle

Answer 16

contractile tissue that moves the body and substances within the body

Question 17

neuron

Answer 17

the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane

Question 18

passive immunity

Answer 18

temporary immunity provided by antibodies transferred during pregnancy and breast feeding

Question 19

primary immune response

Answer 19

the immune system’s response to the first challenge by an antigen, and the consequent creation of memory T cells ready for second and subsequent attacks

Question 20

red blood cell

Answer 20

a donut-shaped cell in blood plasma that carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues; also called an erythrocyte

Question 21

secondary immune response

Answer 21

the immune response to the second and subsequent attacks to specific antigen previously encountered

Question 22

tendon

Answer 22

tough, fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone

Question 23

vaccine

Answer 23

a preparation containing an antigen used to provide immunity against a specific disease

Question 24

white blood cell

Answer 24

a blood cell without hemoglobin that fights infection in the body; also called lymphocyte