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human physiology > human phys exam 3 > Flashcards

human phys exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how many alveoili in pair of lungs

A

300 million

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2
Q

respiratory system

A

responsible for exchange of gases between external enviornment and cells in body
provides cells in body with oxygen and get rid of CO2

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3
Q

exchange of gas proceses

A
  1. ventilation: O2 and O2 from atmosphere to lung (EXCHANGE 1)
  2. exchange2: lung to blood
  3. transport of O2 and Co2 in blood
  4. exchange3: of O2 and Co3 between blood and cells
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4
Q

conducting system

A

air enters upper respiratory tract –> into pharynx –> larynx –> trachea
trachea divides into a pair of primary bronchi

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5
Q

pharynx

A

common passageway for both ingested materials and air

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6
Q

trachea

A

windpipe
flexible tube held by C-shaped rings of cartilage

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7
Q

larynx

A

contains vocal cords
bands of connective tissue that are loosened by actions of muscles to create air when sound passes

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8
Q

bronchioles

A

small collapsible passageways with smooth muscle walls, formed from bronchi
branch until they end at exchange surface (alveoli)
branch more than 20 times –> diamter gets smaller but total cross sectional diameter increases

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9
Q

mucus

A

made by goblet cells interspersed with cilated epithelial cells

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10
Q

alveoli

A

exchange surface of lungs
where O2 and Co2 move between air and blood
make up vast majority of lung tissue

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11
Q

type 1 cell alveoli

A

cover majority of alveolar surface
thin gas exchange cells: close association with pulmonary capillaries
surface is away from the side exposed to lumen
0.2 um thick
diffusional distance ebtween air and blood is less than 1 um
type of epithelial cell

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12
Q

type 2 cells alveoli

A

produce surfactant
surfactant: substance that acts to ease the expansion of lungs during inspiratoin

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13
Q

elastin fibers

A

connective tissue fibers
exist between alveoli
contribute to elastic recoil when lung tissue is stretched

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14
Q

pleura

A

membrane surrounding the lungs
pleural tissue held together with pleural fluid

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15
Q

pleural fluid

A

provides moist slippery surface so that lungs can easily slip along the walls of thorax
fluid holds lungs against thoracid wall

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16
Q

pulmonary circulation resistance

A

resistance is low because:
right ventricle doesn’t contract as powerfully as left ventricle
so low pressure too

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17
Q

what happens when low pressure in pulmonary circulation

A

hydrostatic pressure in lung capillaries is then low
so little fluid leaves circulation in lungs

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18
Q

daltons law

A

total pressure of gases is sum of pressure of individual gases (partial pressure)

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19
Q

boyles law

A

if volume of a container of gas changes, pressure changes in inverse matter

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20
Q

2 other gas rules

A

gases move from high to low pressure
amount of gas dissolved in liquid is determined by partial pressure of gas, solubility of gas, and temperature

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21
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of lungs

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22
Q

ventilation at rest

A

no air flow in/out of lungs
no pressure gradient
still pressures exerted on lungs

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23
Q

lungs at rest

A

lungs would normally collapse, but there are forces pulling lung walls out
gives them a resting volume (functional residual capacity)

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24
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

neg. intrapleural pressure causes force to keep lungs stretched open at rest since pleural membrane adheres lungs to chest wall

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25
Q

breathing equation

A

F = change in pressure/R

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26
Q

inspiration

A

chest cavity expands
diaphragm constricts
external intercostal pulls out on ribs
transpulmonary pressure increases = lungs expands

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27
Q

end of inspiration

A

inspiratory muscles stop contracting
relax
lungs passively return to original size because of elastic recoil of lungs

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28
Q

intrapulmonary vs intrapleural pressure

A

intrapulmonary: force exerted by gases within alveoli during respiration
intrapleural: force exerted by gases in pleural cavity during respiration

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29
Q

intrinsic elastic properties of lungs vs compliance

A

lungs thicken
complains goes down

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30
Q

surface tension of lungs and surfactants

A

surface of alveoli must be kept moist
surfactants reduce surface tension
not enough surfactant –> too much surface tension –> difficult for lungs to expand during inspiration

31
Q

lung compliance

A

ability of lung to expand

32
Q

surfactant

A

decrease surface tension
made of phospholipid and protein
secreted by type 2 alveoli cells in response to large lung expansion

33
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

small airways surrounded by smooth muscle that contract/relax

34
Q

normal breathing energy

A

3% of total energy use
high resistance of low compliance: increase amount of energy to breathe

35
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of gas moving in/out during breathing
about 500 ml/breath

36
Q

volume at end of expiration

A

~2100 ml left in system (functional residual capacity)
from that 2100:
~1100 m; gets forced out using expiratory muscles (expiratory reserve volume)
~remaining 100 is residual volume

37
Q

vital capacity

A

total maximal volume we can move in and out of lungs

38
Q

forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A

volume that can be expired in 1 second
typically ~8-% of total

39
Q

minute ventilation

A

tidal volume + breathing rate
ml/min

40
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

amount of fresh air brought into alveoli/minute
not the same as inspiration/expiration because of dead volume
dead space is ~150 ml, so normal tidal volume of 500 is only 350ml of new air
(tidal volume-dead space) X breathing frequency

41
Q

bicarb equation

A

CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3 <–> H+ + HCO3-

42
Q

upper region of respiratory system

A

pharynx
vocal cords
nasal cavity
esophagus
tongue
larynx

43
Q

lower region of respiratory system

A

right lung
right bronchus
diaphragm
lefft lung
left bronchus

44
Q

muscles of active expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles

45
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalenu

46
Q

major muscles of inspiration

A

diaphragm

47
Q

respiratory muscles

A

voluntary
skeletal muscless

48
Q

transmural pressure gradient across lung wall

A

= intra-alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure

49
Q

transmural pressure gradietn across thoracid wall

A

= atmospheric pressure minus intrapleural pressure

50
Q

expiration

A

passive: elastic recoil, relaxation of external intercostal and diaphragm
active: contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

51
Q

alveoli and surfactant

A

in lungs, smaller alveoli have more surfactant
equalizes pressure between large and small alveoli

52
Q

hypoxia

A

state of too little oxygen

53
Q

gypercapnia

A

elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide

54
Q

autoregulation in alveoli

A

blood flow to individual alveoli is matched to ventilation

55
Q

repiratory quotient

A

each o2 consumed is about 0.8 Co2
@rest: 250 ml O2 = 200 ml CO2

56
Q

repiratory quotient

A

each o2 consumed is about 0.8 Co2
@rest: 250 ml O2 = 200 ml CO2

57
Q

normal alveolary ventilation

A

4200 ml
O2 conc. of air is 21%
alveoli are being ventilated with 840 ml of O2 per min.

58
Q

movement of O2 and CO2

A

simple diffusion
rate of diffusion is proportional to:
conc. gradient and surface area
inversely poportional to:
thickness of surface
diffusion is rapid over short distances

59
Q

atmopsheric pressure of oxygen

A

160 mm HG
at normal alveolar venitlation: alveolar p02 is 100 instead of 160
why difference?
dead volume
O2 diffused out of alveoli into lood quick

60
Q

o2 exchange between alveoli and blood

A

diffusion is critical to respiration
equilibrium is reached between alveoli and capilaries after only 1/3 of way through capilarries

61
Q

O2 IN blood

A

poorly solube
only 3 ml can dissolve in a liter of blood

62
Q

liter of arterial blood

A

contains 200ml of O2 because hemoglin binds to O2

63
Q

hemoglobin in blood

A

normal conc. is 150g/liter
each gram of Hb can binds with 1.34 ml of O2 –> increases capacity of O2 in blood
nearly all of O2 in blood is noramlly bound to Hb

64
Q

Hb O2

A

Hb + O2 <–> HbO2
readily reversible
fast reaction
cooperative interaction among 4 subunits creates sigmoid shape of binding curve

65
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron containing protein
each molecule has 4 similar iron containing subunits that can each bind to one molecule of O2
each subunitc an be oxygenated or deoxygenated

66
Q

hemoglobin saturation

A

%of subunits in oxygenated form

67
Q

diphosphoglycerate (DPS)

A

produced as a result of glycolysis in red blood cells
shifts curve to right
red blood cells make more DPS

68
Q

CO2 transport

A

CO2 more soluble than O2, but still not transported as free soluble gas
some bind to amino acids, other binds to Hb
CO2 binds to deoxygenated Hb better than oxygenated Hb

69
Q

CO2 to bicarbonate

A

most entering CO2 is converted to bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrase

70
Q

carbonic annhydrase enzyme

A

found in RBC
makes carbonic acid
disscoiates into bicarbonate and H+

71
Q

hyperventilation

A

caused by increase of CO2 which causes increase in circulating H+

72
Q

breakdown of CO2

A

body makes about 200 ml CO2/min
7%: circulates free in blood
23%: binds to Hb
70% converted to bicarbonate in RBC, then transported out in exchange for Cl-

73
Q

at level of tissue

A

O2 is diffusing out of plasma into tissue –> causes p02 to decrease
more O2 dissociates from Hb–> making it available to diffuse into tissue
CO2 diffuses out of of tissue into plasma

74
Q

at level of alveoli

A

partial pressure of O2 and CO2 reverse processes
O2 diffuses into plasma
CO2 diffuses out of plasma

human physiology (5 decks)

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