Human Performance - Respiration Flashcards
What is the pressure at sea level according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
1013.25 hPa
What is the temperature at sea level according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
+15°C
What is the lapse rate of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere up to 11 km?
-6.5°C/km (1.98°C/1000 ft)
What is the pressure at an altitude of 11 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
226.00 hPa
What is the temperature at an altitude of 11 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
-56.5°C
What is the lapse rate from 11 km to 20 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
0°C/1000 ft
What is the pressure at an altitude of 20 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
54.70 hPa
What is the temperature at an altitude of 20 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
-56.5°C
What is the pressure at an altitude of 32 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
8.68 hPa
What is the temperature at an altitude of 32 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?
-44.5°C
What is the pressure at 10,000 ft altitude?
700 hPa
What is the amount of usable oxygen for the body at 10,000 ft altitude compared to sea level?
About 70%
What is the pressure at 18,000 ft altitude?
530 hPa
What is the amount of usable oxygen for the body at 18,000 ft altitude compared to sea level?
About 52%
What is the pressure at 36,000 ft altitude?
250 hPa
What is the amount of usable oxygen for the body at 36,000 ft altitude compared to sea level?
About 25%
What does Boyle’s Law state?
The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
What is the formula representing Boyle’s Law?
Volume ∝ 1/Pressure or Volume × Pressure = Constant
What does Dalton’s Law state?
The pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of its constituents.
What does Fick’s Law state?
Gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
What does Charles’ Law state?
The volume of a gas varies directly with temperature.
What is the General Gas Law?
The product of the initial pressure, initial volume, and new temperature of an enclosed gas is equal to the product of the new pressure, new volume, and initial temperature.
How can the General Gas Law be expressed mathematically?
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1 or P1/T1 = P2/T2
What does Henry’s Law state?
The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of that gas over the liquid.
How do we draw air into our lungs and expel it?
Using the muscles of the chest and the diaphragm.
What happens to the oxygen inside the lungs?
It is transferred into the bloodstream.
What happens to carbon dioxide inside the lungs?
It is removed from the bloodstream.
What is the function of the trachea?
It branches into the bronchial tubes, allowing air to be distributed throughout the lungs.
What muscles are involved in normal breathing?
The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
What are alveoli?
Small globular structures at the end of the finest bronchial tubes where gas transfer takes place.
How thick are the walls of the alveoli?
One cell thick.
What surrounds the alveoli?
Fine blood vessels.
Where does gas transfer take place in the lungs?
In the alveoli.
What is the total lung capacity?
Approximately 6000 ml.
What makes up the total lung capacity?
Vital capacity and residual volume.
What is the vital capacity?
The difference between the capacity of the lungs after maximum inhalation and the capacity remaining after maximum exhalation.
What is the residual volume?
The volume remaining after maximum exhalation, approximately 1000 ml.
What are the two divisions of total lung capacity?
Inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity.
What is the inspiratory capacity made up of?
Resting tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
What is the functional residual capacity made up of?
Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
How do gas molecules move in the alveoli?
From areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
What happens to oxygen molecules in the alveoli?
They pass through the cell walls into the blood and combine with hemoglobin.
What is formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin?
Oxyhemoglobin.
Where is oxygen carried in the body?
To the muscle tissues.
What are the waste products of the chemical reaction between oxygen and carbohydrates?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
How is carbon dioxide carried from the tissues?
Dissolved in the blood plasma as carbonic acid (H2CO3).
What controls the rate of breathing?
The amount of oxygen in the body and the amount of carbon dioxide waste product.
Which gas concentration is more significant in controlling breathing rate?
CO2 concentration.
What is carbon monoxide (CO) and how is it created?
Carbon monoxide (CO) is created when incomplete combustion takes place in a confined space.
How does carbon monoxide affect the body?
Carbon monoxide bonds with hemoglobin over 200 times more effectively than oxygen to form carboxyhemoglobin, reducing oxygen intake.
What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
Headache, weakness, nausea, muscle pain, dizziness, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness and death.
How is carbon monoxide poisoning treated?
By providing 100% oxygen.
What immediate measures should be taken if carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected on an aircraft?
Don oxygen masks, switch off cabin heating, open fresh air vents, avoid smoking, and consider landing or diverting if symptoms persist.
