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ATPL Theory - Module 1 > Human Performance - Respiration > Flashcards

Human Performance - Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pressure at sea level according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

1013.25 hPa

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2
Q

What is the temperature at sea level according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

+15°C

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3
Q

What is the lapse rate of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere up to 11 km?

A

-6.5°C/km (1.98°C/1000 ft)

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4
Q

What is the pressure at an altitude of 11 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

226.00 hPa

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5
Q

What is the temperature at an altitude of 11 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

-56.5°C

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6
Q

What is the lapse rate from 11 km to 20 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

0°C/1000 ft

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7
Q

What is the pressure at an altitude of 20 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

54.70 hPa

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8
Q

What is the temperature at an altitude of 20 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

-56.5°C

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9
Q

What is the pressure at an altitude of 32 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

8.68 hPa

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10
Q

What is the temperature at an altitude of 32 km according to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere?

A

-44.5°C

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11
Q

What is the pressure at 10,000 ft altitude?

A

700 hPa

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12
Q

What is the amount of usable oxygen for the body at 10,000 ft altitude compared to sea level?

A

About 70%

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13
Q

What is the pressure at 18,000 ft altitude?

A

530 hPa

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14
Q

What is the amount of usable oxygen for the body at 18,000 ft altitude compared to sea level?

A

About 52%

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15
Q

What is the pressure at 36,000 ft altitude?

A

250 hPa

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16
Q

What is the amount of usable oxygen for the body at 36,000 ft altitude compared to sea level?

A

About 25%

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17
Q

What does Boyle’s Law state?

A

The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

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18
Q

What is the formula representing Boyle’s Law?

A

Volume ∝ 1/Pressure or Volume × Pressure = Constant

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19
Q

What does Dalton’s Law state?

A

The pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of its constituents.

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20
Q

What does Fick’s Law state?

A

Gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

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21
Q

What does Charles’ Law state?

A

The volume of a gas varies directly with temperature.

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22
Q

What is the General Gas Law?

A

The product of the initial pressure, initial volume, and new temperature of an enclosed gas is equal to the product of the new pressure, new volume, and initial temperature.

23
Q

How can the General Gas Law be expressed mathematically?

A

P1V1T2 = P2V2T1 or P1/T1 = P2/T2

24
Q

What does Henry’s Law state?

A

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of that gas over the liquid.

25
Q

How do we draw air into our lungs and expel it?

A

Using the muscles of the chest and the diaphragm.

26
Q

What happens to the oxygen inside the lungs?

A

It is transferred into the bloodstream.

27
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide inside the lungs?

A

It is removed from the bloodstream.

28
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

It branches into the bronchial tubes, allowing air to be distributed throughout the lungs.

29
Q

What muscles are involved in normal breathing?

A

The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.

30
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Small globular structures at the end of the finest bronchial tubes where gas transfer takes place.

31
Q

How thick are the walls of the alveoli?

A

One cell thick.

32
Q

What surrounds the alveoli?

A

Fine blood vessels.

33
Q

Where does gas transfer take place in the lungs?

A

In the alveoli.

34
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Approximately 6000 ml.

35
Q

What makes up the total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity and residual volume.

36
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The difference between the capacity of the lungs after maximum inhalation and the capacity remaining after maximum exhalation.

37
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The volume remaining after maximum exhalation, approximately 1000 ml.

38
Q

What are the two divisions of total lung capacity?

A

Inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity.

39
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity made up of?

A

Resting tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.

40
Q

What is the functional residual capacity made up of?

A

Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.

41
Q

How do gas molecules move in the alveoli?

A

From areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

42
Q

What happens to oxygen molecules in the alveoli?

A

They pass through the cell walls into the blood and combine with hemoglobin.

43
Q

What is formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin.

44
Q

Where is oxygen carried in the body?

A

To the muscle tissues.

45
Q

What are the waste products of the chemical reaction between oxygen and carbohydrates?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

46
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried from the tissues?

A

Dissolved in the blood plasma as carbonic acid (H2CO3).

47
Q

What controls the rate of breathing?

A

The amount of oxygen in the body and the amount of carbon dioxide waste product.

48
Q

Which gas concentration is more significant in controlling breathing rate?

A

CO2 concentration.

49
Q

What is carbon monoxide (CO) and how is it created?

A

Carbon monoxide (CO) is created when incomplete combustion takes place in a confined space.

50
Q

How does carbon monoxide affect the body?

A

Carbon monoxide bonds with hemoglobin over 200 times more effectively than oxygen to form carboxyhemoglobin, reducing oxygen intake.

51
Q

What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Headache, weakness, nausea, muscle pain, dizziness, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness and death.

52
Q

How is carbon monoxide poisoning treated?

A

By providing 100% oxygen.

53
Q

What immediate measures should be taken if carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected on an aircraft?

A

Don oxygen masks, switch off cabin heating, open fresh air vents, avoid smoking, and consider landing or diverting if symptoms persist.

ATPL Theory - Module 1 (17 decks)

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