Human performance Flashcards
Direct influence
Deliberate attempt to recollect past experience to facilitate current information processing (remember someone name or memory sensory)
Indirect influence
do not need to be conscious that memory is being used to influence performance (motor skills)
Encoding
transmission of information into a form retainable in memory
Storage
holding of information
Retrieval
accessing information from storage after a time interval and use of information to guide behavior
Multistore model
STSS -> STM -> LTM
Short term sensory store
brief, duration is 250ms, capacity limitless, large amounts of info past through STSS but not much reaches the consciousness
Short-term memory
information is selected on basis of relevance, 30s, temporary workspace, Acts as a storage system for information
Working memory 1
information from STSS can be stored for processing
working memory 2
information form LTM can be retrieved for processing and integrating with information from STSS
work memory 3
effortful and limited capacity conscious processing (controlled processing) can be performed
Central executive
proposed as control system of the model responsible for strategy selection, planning, monitoring task performance and coordinating other 2 components of WM
Phonological loop
responsible for manipulating and maintaining speech based information within WM
visuospatial sketchpad
responsible for generation manipulation, and retention of visual images
Primacy-recency effect
Long term memory
information is seemingly limitless, very abstract coding, seemingly limitless capacity
Types of memory
Declarative and procedural
declarative
can be expressed (explicit) and assists us in knowing what to do
Episodic: autographical memory for events in given time and place
Semantic: meaningful facts not tied to time and place
Procedural
memory storage of skills and procedures
Recall
recovery of information as a result of conscious search
Recognition
automatic recovery of information as a result of an external stimulus
Decay theory
(spontaneous decay) we can no longer recall information from our memory because of disuse
Interference theory
due to competing responded between criterion tasks and task that have been learned before and after
Retroactive
new information interferes with older information
Proactive
earlier information projects itself forward
Endogenous attention
top-down, goal driver attention (internal influence)
Exogenous attention
bottom-up, stimulus driver (external influence)
sustained attention
vigilance, stay focus on one task for continous time without distractions
Vigilance level
an overall ability to detect signals
Vigilance decrement
decrease in performance
Selective attention
select from and focus only on the stimuli you want to attend to
Intentional
purposefully choose to attend to one source of information
incidental
a response to an external stimulus
limits of selective attention
change blindness and inattention blindness
change blindness
reflects a strong role of memory, and expectation as to what to attend to and what we become aware of
Inattention blindness
the failure to see certain sensory events when focusing on others events
Multitasking
the ability to switch focus back and forth between tasks requiring different cognitive demands (one task performance declines
Distraction
the process of diverting attention from a desired area of focus
Blocking or diminishing the reception of desired information
Directing attentional focus
broad external, broad internal, narrow external, narrow internal
The inverted U hypothesis
Proprioceptive
State of the body
Exteroceptive
state of the environment
sensory information (exteroception)
vision and audition
sensory information (proprioception)
vestibular, apparatus, joint receptors, muscle spindles, Golgi tendon, organs
Vision
70% of all sensory receptors are located in the eyes
40% of cerebral cortex thought to be involved in processing visual information
Snellen eye chart
used to determine static visual acuity
Dynamic visual acuity
allows you to see details of moving objects
visual acuity and exercise
visual acuity found to increase following exercise
Eye dominance
one eye processes information and transmits it to the brain more quickly than the other
Spotting
used in rotational skills
Rotation of head delayed relative to bodys rotation
Visual search
scanning the environment to locate critical cues
Gaze fixation: during a scan, gaze may land on one location
quiet eye
final fixation located on a target or object before movement
Elite performers: longer, earlier onset, and of more optimal duration
Targeting skills
fixed: stable and predictable Abstract: target fixed but optimal aiming location difficult to detect
Moving: mover must anticipate targets impending location
Interceptive skills
- track a moving stimulus
- decide when and or where stimulus will arrive
- determine and execute appropriate movement
Conceptual model
Open loop control
taking out the feedback system (very quick)
Characteristics of open loop control
1, advance instructions specify operations, sequence and timing
2. system executes instructions without modification
3. no capability to detect or correct error
4. most effective in stable, predictable environments
Motor program
blue print stored in long-term memory
idea
running a motor program
Retrieved and prepared during response programming
Problems in motor program theory
Novelty problem
storage problem
Generalized motor program GMP
Remain the same -> invariant features
Change each time -> parameters
Invariant features remain the same
Sequence and relative timing
