Human Nutrition - Option D.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Distinguish between essential and non-essential nutrients.

A

Essential nutrients CANNOT be synthesized by the human body.
Non-essential nutrients CAN be synthesized by the human body.

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2
Q

Outline how to determine the energy content of food.

A
  • Calorimetry - burning a food sample // measuring the heat energy released from the burning food using a calorimeter
  • Heat from the burning food is transferred to the water
  • Temperature increase of the water is used to calculate the energy content of the food:
    Mass of water (g) x 4.2 (J/g℃) x Temp increase (℃)
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3
Q

What must be kept constant when determining the energy content of food?

A
  • mass of food sample
  • mass / volume of water (1g = 1ml)
  • starting temperature of water
  • distance between calorimeter and burning food sample
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4
Q

What could cause errors during calorimetry?

A

Heat loss to environment or incomplete combustion of food sample.

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5
Q

Outline the causes and consequences of Vitamin D deficiency in humans.

A

Causes - lack of UV light exposure and lack of it in the diet.
Consequences - affects bone mineralization, rickets in children (bones near growth plates don’t develop properly) // osteomalacia in adults (soft bones, pain, increased fractures)

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6
Q

What part of the brain controls the appetite?

A

Hypothalamus.

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7
Q

Define malnutrition.

A

A health condition that is caused by a deficiency, imbalance, or excess nutrients in the diet.

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8
Q

Outline the health consequences of obesity.

A

More likely to suffer from hypertension(high blood pressure) and type II diabetes(desensitized to insulin).

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8
Q

Outline the health consequences of starvation.

A

-Body will begin to break down OWN tissue bc not receiving enough energy from diet.
- Adipose (fat) tissue broken down FIRST bc fats contain more energy and breakdown does not disrupt homeostasis
- Muscle tissue broken down SECOND to provide proteins

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9
Q

Outline the health consequences of anorexia.

A
  • Anorexia; eating disorder where individuals severely limit food intake.
  • In severe cases, body breaks down heart muscle (blood pressure drops, heart may develop arrhythmias (irregular rhythms) due to electrolyte imbalances)
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10
Q

Explain how cholesterol levels in the blood are an indicator of the risk of CHD (coronary heart disease).

A
  • CHD is the development of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, which can lead to heart attack and stroke
  • Atherosclerosis: high lvls of cholesterol in the blood that lead to the hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a build up of plaque
  • Restricts blood flow and reduces elasticity of the arterial wall
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