Human Growth & Development Study Guide Flashcards
What are Piaget’s Stages?
Sensorimotor period (0-2 years)
– Infancy
* Preoperational period (2-7 years)
– Preschool and early elementary school
* Concrete operational period (7-11 years)
– Middle and late elementary school
* Formal operational period (11 years & up)
– Adolescence and adulthood
What is object permanence?
knowing an object still
exists even if not in view
– Not fully understood until 18 months
Preoperational Thinking: Egocentrism
– Difficulty seeing world from others’
perspectives
Preoperational Thinking: Animism
Animism
– Crediting inanimate objects with life and
lifelike properties
What is assimilation?
fitting new experiences into
existing schemes
– Required to benefit from experiences
What is accommodation?
Accommodation: modifying schemes as a
result of new experiences
– Allows for dealing with completely new
data or experiences
What is involved in memory in infants?
Basis for age-related memory changes
– Hippocampus and amygdala develop early
* Six-month-olds can store new information
What is autobiographical memory?
Autobiographical memory in preschoolers
– Exists for significant events in one’s past Appears as a sense of self emerges
Basis for age-related memory changes
– Hippocampus and amygdala develop early
* Six-month-olds can store new
information
– Frontal cortex develops in second year
* Toddlers begin retrieving information
from long-term memory
What is scaffolding?
Giving just enough assistance to match
learner’s needs
– Students do not learn as well when told
everything to do, nor when left alone to
discover for themselves
What is the zone of proximal development?
The difference between what children can do
with or without assistance
– Providing learning experiences within this
zone maximizes achievement
What is one to one principle?
The assigning of one and only one distinct counting word to each of the items to be counted.
What are morphemes?
Smallest unit of language that has meaning.
What are phonemes?
smallest, unique sounds
– One-month-olds can distinguish between
vowels and consonants
– Different languages have different sets of
phonemes
– Children practice all phonemes, gradually
restricting their use to only those to which
they are exposed
* Eventually, they lose the ability to
distinguish unused phonemes
What is cooing and babbling?
At 2 months, infants begin cooing
* Around 6 months, toddlers begin babbling
– Babbling is a proven precursor to speech
* At 8-11 months, children incorporate
intonation or changes in pitch typical of the
language they hear
What is telegraphic speech?
8 months: two- and three-word sentences
based on simple formulas (e.g., actor +
action)
– Reflect telegraphic speech (Child speaks like a telegram)
– Reflect over-regularization errors
– Exclude grammatical morphemes
* By preschool, show growing knowledge
of grammatical rules instead of simple
memory
What are overextensions?
Children use words in an overly general manner (Naming errors)
What is Bowlby’s Attachment?
Bowlby proposed four stages of attachment
– Preattachment stage (birth to 6-8 weeks)
– Attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-
8 months)
– True attachment (6-8 months to 18
months)
– Reciprocal relationships (18 months on)
What is Ainsworth’s Attachment?
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation paradigm
– Three phases (~3 minutes each)
* Child and mother first occupy an
unfamiliar room filled with toys
* Mother leaves room momentarily
* Mother then returns to room
– Observe child’s reactions during each
– Classified four types of attachment
* Three insecure types; one secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized
Ainsworth’s Secure Attachment
Secure attachment (60-65%): baby may or
may not cry upon separation; wants to be with
mom upon her return and stops crying
Ainsworth’s Avoidant Attachment
Avoidant attachment (20%): baby not upset
by separation; ignores or looks away when
mom returns
Ainsworth’s Resistant Attachment
Resistant attachment (10-15%): separation
upsets baby; remains upset after mom’s
return and is difficult to console
Ainsworth’s Disorganized Attachment
Disorganized attachment (5-10%): separation
and return confuse the baby; reacts in
contradictory ways (e.g., seeking proximity to
the returned mom, but not looking at her)
What is altruistic behavior?
Altruism: prosocial behaviors not directly
benefiting the self, but driven by feelings of
responsibility toward other
Prosocial behavior: one that benefits another
8 months: recognize others’ distress signals
and will try to comfort them
* By 3 years: are gradually starting to
understand others’ needs and learning
appropriate altruistic responses
What are the types of play?
Even two 6-month-olds look, smile, and point
at each other
* 12 months: parallel play, in which children
play alone but are keenly interested in what
others are doing
* 15-18 months: simple social play, in which
children do similar activities and talk or smile
at each other
* 24 months: cooperative play, theme-based
play where children take special roles
What are the social roles?
Social role: cultural guidelines as to how we
should behave, especially with others
– Gender roles are one of the first learned
* Learning gender stereotypes
– Our world is not gender neutral
– 18 months: girls and boys look longer at
gender-stereotyped pictures of toys
– 4-year-olds: extensive knowledge of
gender-stereotyped activities and some
behaviors or traits
What is relational aggression?
Harm to relationships, spreading rumors, withholding friendships to inflict harm and ignoring or excluding peers from the group.
How parents treat boys vs. girls?
Parents are equally warm and encouraging to
boys and girls
* Parents model and differentially reinforce
“appropriate” gender-typed behaviors
* Results support social learning theory
* Mothers rarely contradict or question
children’s gender-stereotyped statements
* Peer influence
What is gender identity?
Gender Identity
* Gender identity: sense of self as male or
female
* Kohlberg’s three stages
– Gender labeling: 2-3 years
-Gender stability: preschool
– Gender constancy: 4 to 7 years
