Human Growth & Development Study Guide

Question 1

What are Piaget’s Stages?

Answer 1

Sensorimotor period (0-2 years)
– Infancy
* Preoperational period (2-7 years)
– Preschool and early elementary school
* Concrete operational period (7-11 years)
– Middle and late elementary school
* Formal operational period (11 years & up)
– Adolescence and adulthood

Question 2

What is object permanence?

Answer 2

knowing an object still
exists even if not in view
– Not fully understood until 18 months

Question 3

Preoperational Thinking: Egocentrism

Answer 3

– Difficulty seeing world from others’
perspectives

Question 4

Preoperational Thinking: Animism

Answer 4

Animism
– Crediting inanimate objects with life and
lifelike properties

Question 5

What is assimilation?

Answer 5

fitting new experiences into
existing schemes
– Required to benefit from experiences

Question 6

What is accommodation?

Answer 6

Accommodation: modifying schemes as a
result of new experiences
– Allows for dealing with completely new
data or experiences

Question 7

What is involved in memory in infants?

Answer 7

Basis for age-related memory changes
– Hippocampus and amygdala develop early
* Six-month-olds can store new information

Question 8

What is autobiographical memory?

Answer 8

Autobiographical memory in preschoolers
– Exists for significant events in one’s past Appears as a sense of self emerges
Basis for age-related memory changes
– Hippocampus and amygdala develop early
* Six-month-olds can store new
information
– Frontal cortex develops in second year
* Toddlers begin retrieving information
from long-term memory

Question 9

What is scaffolding?

Answer 9

Giving just enough assistance to match
learner’s needs
– Students do not learn as well when told
everything to do, nor when left alone to
discover for themselves

Question 10

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 10

The difference between what children can do
with or without assistance
– Providing learning experiences within this
zone maximizes achievement

Question 11

What is one to one principle?

Answer 11

The assigning of one and only one distinct counting word to each of the items to be counted.

Question 12

What are morphemes?

Answer 12

Smallest unit of language that has meaning.

Question 13

What are phonemes?

Answer 13

smallest, unique sounds
– One-month-olds can distinguish between
vowels and consonants
– Different languages have different sets of
phonemes
– Children practice all phonemes, gradually
restricting their use to only those to which
they are exposed
* Eventually, they lose the ability to
distinguish unused phonemes

Question 14

What is cooing and babbling?

Answer 14

At 2 months, infants begin cooing
* Around 6 months, toddlers begin babbling
– Babbling is a proven precursor to speech
* At 8-11 months, children incorporate
intonation or changes in pitch typical of the
language they hear

Question 15

What is telegraphic speech?

Answer 15

8 months: two- and three-word sentences
based on simple formulas (e.g., actor +
action)
– Reflect telegraphic speech (Child speaks like a telegram)
– Reflect over-regularization errors
– Exclude grammatical morphemes
* By preschool, show growing knowledge
of grammatical rules instead of simple
memory

Question 16

What are overextensions?

Answer 16

Children use words in an overly general manner (Naming errors)

Question 17

What is Bowlby’s Attachment?

Answer 17

Bowlby proposed four stages of attachment
– Preattachment stage (birth to 6-8 weeks)
– Attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-
8 months)
– True attachment (6-8 months to 18
months)
– Reciprocal relationships (18 months on)

Question 18

What is Ainsworth’s Attachment?

Answer 18

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation paradigm
– Three phases (~3 minutes each)
* Child and mother first occupy an
unfamiliar room filled with toys
* Mother leaves room momentarily
* Mother then returns to room
– Observe child’s reactions during each
– Classified four types of attachment
* Three insecure types; one secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized

Question 19

Ainsworth’s Secure Attachment

Answer 19

Secure attachment (60-65%): baby may or
may not cry upon separation; wants to be with
mom upon her return and stops crying

Question 20

Ainsworth’s Avoidant Attachment

Answer 20

Avoidant attachment (20%): baby not upset
by separation; ignores or looks away when
mom returns

Question 21

Ainsworth’s Resistant Attachment

Answer 21

Resistant attachment (10-15%): separation
upsets baby; remains upset after mom’s
return and is difficult to console

Question 22

Ainsworth’s Disorganized Attachment

Answer 22

Disorganized attachment (5-10%): separation
and return confuse the baby; reacts in
contradictory ways (e.g., seeking proximity to
the returned mom, but not looking at her)

Question 23

What is altruistic behavior?

Answer 23

Altruism: prosocial behaviors not directly
benefiting the self, but driven by feelings of
responsibility toward other
Prosocial behavior: one that benefits another
8 months: recognize others’ distress signals
and will try to comfort them
* By 3 years: are gradually starting to
understand others’ needs and learning
appropriate altruistic responses

Question 24

What are the types of play?

Answer 24

Even two 6-month-olds look, smile, and point
at each other
* 12 months: parallel play, in which children
play alone but are keenly interested in what
others are doing
* 15-18 months: simple social play, in which
children do similar activities and talk or smile
at each other
* 24 months: cooperative play, theme-based
play where children take special roles

Question 25

What are the social roles?

Answer 25

Social role: cultural guidelines as to how we should behave, especially with others – Gender roles are one of the first learned * Learning gender stereotypes – Our world is not gender neutral – 18 months: girls and boys look longer at gender-stereotyped pictures of toys – 4-year-olds: extensive knowledge of gender-stereotyped activities and some behaviors or traits

Question 26

What is relational aggression?

Answer 26

Harm to relationships, spreading rumors, withholding friendships to inflict harm and ignoring or excluding peers from the group.

Question 27

How parents treat boys vs. girls?

Answer 27

Parents are equally warm and encouraging to boys and girls * Parents model and differentially reinforce “appropriate” gender-typed behaviors * Results support social learning theory * Mothers rarely contradict or question children’s gender-stereotyped statements * Peer influence

Question 28

What is gender identity?

Answer 28

Gender Identity * Gender identity: sense of self as male or female * Kohlberg’s three stages – Gender labeling: 2-3 years -Gender stability: preschool – Gender constancy: 4 to 7 years

Question 29

What is gender schema?

Answer 29

addresses “how” children learn about gender and gender roles – Children decide if objects, activities, or behaviors are “male” or “female” and then decide whether they should learn more about these * Once children understand or refer to themselves by gender, they play more often with gender-stereotyped toys (17-21 mos.) and watch gender-typed TV shows

Question 30

Meltzoff and Moore’s finding in their study with infants

Answer 30

Controlled observation of infants behaviour to 4 different stimuli, measured in real time, slow motion and frame by frame. Observers unaware of what infant had seen; asked to record all episodes of tongue protrusions and head movements. Each observer scored tapes twice, allowing intra- observer and inter- observer reliability to be calculated. All scores greater than 0.92.

Question 31

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 31

A family of disorders that which are caused by a deficiency of one of the multiple enzymes in the cortisol synthesis pathway results in inadequate cortisol production.

Question 32

Lili has begun to play "teacher," "mommy," doctor," and "pilot". Lilli is probably in which of Erikson's stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 32

Initiative versus guilt

Question 33

Which of the following is the last of Bowlby's four phases in the growth of attachment?

Answer 33

Reciprocal relationships

Question 34

Elise has been playing alone, upset, by herself in her room. When her mother returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her mother. Elise is most likely exhibiting a (n)_________attachment.

Answer 34

Resistant

Question 35

David is a five-year-old who knows that he is a boy, and that he is a boy whether he's playing with his toys or his sister's toys. This indicates that David has developed what?

Answer 35

Gender stability

Question 35

Tina is a girl who has congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This means that it is more likely that Tina will prefer __________ more than other girls.

Answer 35

Masculine activities

Question 35

Katie is upset with her friend Leslie. In order to "get even" with her, she tries to make Leslie's other friends mad at Lesslie by making up stories about her. What is this sort of behavior called?

Answer 35

Relational aggression

Question 35

Billie is a seven-year-old boy who likes to play house and play with dolls. How would his peers be most likely to react to this behavior?

Answer 35

Both girls and boys would be rejecting

Question 36

Phil believes that all women are emotional, physically weak, and interested in cooking. Phil's beliefs about women would best be described as what?

Answer 36

Gender Stereotype

Question 37

What is not considered a basic emotion?

Answer 37

Pride

Question 38

Pride, embarassment, and guilt are examples of what?

Answer 38

Complex emotions

Question 39

You are the parent of a normal size nine-year-old boy. As such, how many calories should you ensure that your child consumes each day so that the maintains a normal rate of development?

Answer 39

2,400 calories

Question 40

According to the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD, the most effective single treatment for hyperactivity is through the use of what?

Answer 40

Medication

Question 41

What is the most common type of learning disability?

Answer 41

Developmental dyslexia

Question 42

By definition, intellectual disability involves both a below average intelligence and?

Answer 42

Poor adaptive behaviors

Question 43

IQ scores are?

Answer 43

Good predictors of school success and occupational success

Question 44

Eight-year-old Harvey has a mental age of four. What is intelligence quotient?

Answer 44

50

Question 45

Tabitha's intelligence quotient is 100. She is 12years old, so her mental age must be ________?

Answer 45

12

Question 46

Whose intelligence test was the first to use the concept of an intelligence quotient?

Answer 46

Lewis Terman

Question 47

Binet and Simon developed the first objective intelligence test in order to ?

Answer 47

Identify children who would need special help in school.

Question 48

The issue of novelty of thinking best associated with ______ ability.

Answer 48

Creative

Question 49

Piaget described a scheme as a psychological structure that?

Answer 49

Organizes experience

Question 50

Piaget used the term _________ to describe the process by which new experiences are easily incorporated into existing schemes?

Answer 50

Assimilation

Question 51

According to Piaget, when a scheme is modified based on some experience, _________ has occurred?

Answer 51

Accommodation

Question 52

Bob is a normally developing 18-month-old. According to Piaget, Bob is most likely in the ________ period of cognitive development?

Answer 52

Sensorimotor

Question 53

The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" best exemplifies the Piagetian concept of ?

Answer 53

Object Permanence

Question 53

Tonka is actively playing with his toy truck when his mom accidentally drops a towel she is carrying directly on top of the vehicle. As soon as the vehicle is covered, Tonka turns his head away and calmly begins playing with another toy. Tonka's reaction best illustrates a lack of ?

Answer 53

Object Permanence

Question 54

Preoperational thinker Blake has edged his way close to the top rim of the Gran Canyon. His mother then asks him, "What do you think someone at the bottom of the canyon looking up would see?" Given the egocentric nature of his thought, Blake's most likely response would be?

Answer 54

"the same thing I see"

Question 55

Animism occurs when lifelike properties are attributed to ?

Answer 55

Inanimate objects

Question 56

An information-processing theorist would most likely conceptualize all bult-in neutral structures that assist the operations of the mind as?

Answer 56

Mental hardware

Question 57

_________ can be defined as a diminished response to a familiar stimulus.

Answer 57

Habituation

Question 58

One-year-old Payton notices that when his dad, Archie, is watching football on television, he shouts at the screen. The next time a football game comes on, Payton shouts at the screen. Payton's behavior best exemplifies?

Answer 58

Imitation

Question 59

A memory for some significant life event is called a (n) ______ memory.

Answer 59

Autobiographical

Question 60

Theory on the emergence of autobiographical memory suggests that in order to improve the autobiographical memory skills of his or her child, a parent would most likely?

Answer 60

Begin to encourage the child to talk about what happened at schoo each day.

Question 61

The _______ principle of counting states that there must be only one number name for each item counted?

Answer 61

One-to-One

Question 61

The ________ principle of counting states that number names must be counted in the same sequence.

Answer 61

Stable-order

Question 62

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Francesca can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her?

Answer 62

Zone of proximal development

Question 63

The unique sounds that are combined to create spoken words are called?

Answer 63

Phonemes

Question 64

Motherese is also known as _________ speech?

Answer 64

infant-directed

Question 65

Which speech sound is always a single vowel like sound?

Answer 65

Coo

Question 66

When six-month-old Gabby says "tatata," she is?

Answer 66

Babbling