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NUR 1110 > Human Growth > Flashcards

Human Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—”go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs.

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2
Q

Phonological memory

A

Ability to remember speech sounds briefly; an important skill in acquiring vocabulary

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3
Q

Overregularization

A

Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular

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4
Q

Fast mapping

A

The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure

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5
Q

Coo and babbling

A

Beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

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6
Q

One to one counting

A

Accounting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted

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7
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

A special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person’s recollections of his or her life experiences

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8
Q

Complex emotions

A

Self-conscious or self-evaluative emotions that emerge in the second year and depend, in part, on cognitive development

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9
Q

Altrusic behavior

A

Behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself

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10
Q

Gender stereotype

A

A preconceived notion about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture

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11
Q

Gender labeling

A

By age 2 or 3, children understand that they are either boys or girls and label themselves accordingly

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12
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Devised theory of multiple intelligences

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13
Q

IQ quotient

A

Mental age/chronological age x 100

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14
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

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15
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Revised Binet’s IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life

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16
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French)

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17
Q

Hierarchial view of intelligence

A

General intelligence, 8 broad categories of skill ranging from fluid intelligence to processing speed, then divided further
- integrate findings from decades of research
- critics say ignores cognitive research and it doesn’t capture what intelligence is

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18
Q

Child abuse

A

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

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19
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

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20
Q

Physical development associated with puberty

A

Taller, heavier, and stronger
there are also changes in children’s sexual organs, brains, skin, hair, teeth and sweatiness

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21
Q

Spermarche

A

First ejaculation

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22
Q

ADHD

A

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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24
Q

Dependent variables

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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25
Piaget's stages
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old) Preoperational stage (2-7 years old) Concrete operational stage (7-11 years old) Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood)
26
Object permanence
The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
27
Erikson's stages
Stage one: Infancy, trust versus mistrust Stage two: Toddlerhood, autonomy versus shame and doubt Stage three: Preschool years, initiative versus guilt Stage four: Early school years, industry versus inferiority Stage five: Adolescence, identity Stage six: Young adulthood (19 to 40 years), intimacy vs. isolation Stage seven: Middle adulthood (40 to 65 years), generativity vs. stagnation Stage eight: Maturity (65 to death), ego integrity vs. despair
28
Micro/Marco
Small/Large
29
Exo
Outside, outward
30
Chronosystems
In Bronfenbrener's ecological model of development, the system that represents how individuals vary their interactions with each other based on the passage of time
31
Zygots
Fertilized Egg
32
Stages of labor
1st: dilating stage 3 phases: Latent (0-3cm) Active (4-7cm) Traditional (8-10cm w/ urge to push) 2nd stage: delivery 3rd: placental delivery 4th: recovery- primary goal to prevent hemorrhage from uterine atony, 1st void within 1 hour and then q2-3 hrs, Rhogam
33
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo
34
Dizygotic twins
Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
35
Cephalocaudal
Head to toe
36
Proximodistal
"inside-to-outside rule" motor skills emerge in a sequence of center moving outward
37
Information processing approach
Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information
38
Implicit and explicit memory
Implicit Memory - can affect behavior without coming into full awareness. Explicit Memory - requires conscious awareness
39
Semantic and episodic memory
Semantic: Things we know Episodic: Experiences
40
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
Continuity Development is a gradual, continuous process. It's the idea that information and abilities are acquired over time. For example, a child's physical growth is continuous change. They add inches to their height year by year. Discontinuity Development occurs in a series of distinct stages. It's the idea that growth and learning could occur in sudden jumps. For example, a child learns to crawl, then stand, and then to walk. Discontinuity can be visible at times when change happens suddenly and dramatically.
41
Sequential studies
Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time
42
Kohlberg's levels of moral development
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
43
When can an infant perceive color
3 Months
44
Cellular theory of aging
The view that aging can be explained largely by changes in structure and function taking place in the cells of an organism
45
Life cycle forces
Differences in how the same event affects people of different ages
46
Primary and secondary appraisal
Primary appraisal is an assessment of how significant an event is for a person, including whether it is a threat or opportunity. Secondary appraisal then considers one's ability to cope or take advantage of the situation.
47
Pay inequity
Perceived unfairness of how pay is distributed
48
Gender discrimination
Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because of gender.
49
Work-family conflict
Occurs when the demands or pressures from work and family domains are mutually incompatible
50
Boomerang employee
Individuals who terminate employment at one point in time but return to work in the same organization at a future time
51
Occupational development
The systematic process of changes in occupational behaviors over time. This happens when people, environments, and occupations interact at the individual, species, and occupation levels.
52
Sandwich generation
The generation of middle-aged people who are supposedly "squeezed" by the needs of the younger and older members of their families
53
kinkeeper
A caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communication among family members
54
Social security
Federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people
55
Medicare part D
Prescription drug coverage
56
Diabetes
A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar
57
Parkinson's
A brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination
58
Hunington's disease
An inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die
59
Elder abuse and exploitation
Misuse of vulnerable adult's income or other financial resources
60
Testosterone
The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
61
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
62
Presbyopia
Impairment of vision as a result of old age
63
4th age
80 and up, old old, losses in cognitive potential and ability to learn, dementia prevalence, and behavioral systems change toward a more negative profile.
64
Who usually cares for an aging parent
The daughter or daughter in law
65
Retirement
The action or fact of leaving one's job and ceasing to work; people should save 11times their final salary to retire comfortably
66
Kubler Ross' stages of dying
denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance
67
Thanatology
The study of death and dying
68
Clinically dead
The state of an individual who shows no brain waves for 24-48 hours
69
Active eunthanasia
Person directly and deliberately causes the patient's death. (given an overdose of painkillers) forced death
70
what state was the first to legalized physician assisted suicide
Oregon
71
Hospice
A home providing care for the sick, especially the terminally ill.
72
multiple intelligences
The idea that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another
73
Alzheimer's
A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.
74
Passive euthanasia
natural death
75
Fine and gross motor skills
Fine motor skills are small movements — such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon — that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips, and tongue. Gross motor skills are the bigger movements — such as rolling over and sitting — that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet.
76
Ainsworth's types of attachment
Secure attachment, Avoidant, Resistant, & Disorganized
77
Types of play
Even two 6-month-olds look, smile, and point at each other * 12 months: parallel play, in which children play alone but are keenly interested in what others are doing * 15-18 months: simple social play, in which children do similar activities and talk or smile at each other * 24 months: cooperative play, theme-based play where children take special roles
78
Types of crying
basic cry, anger cry, pain cry
79
Palmar and rooting reflex
The palmar reflex is a primitive and involuntary reflex found in infants of humans and most primates. When an object, such as an adult finger, is placed in an infant's palm, the infant's fingers reflexively grasp the object. The reflex subsides by 3 to 6 months of age and is replaced by voluntary grasping this reflex starts when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched. The baby will turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to follow and root in the direction of the stroking. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to start feeding.
80
Gibson-walk experiment
Gibson and Walk placed 6-14 month old infants on the edge of a safe canyon. The canyon's drop off was covered by see-through glass. The parents of the infants tried to get the babies to crawl to the glass on top of the drop off as if it were just another walk way, but the babies could in fact perceive depth so they didn't crawl onto the glass. They discovered that depth perception is partially innate.
81
Parenting styles
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved
82
James Marcias' identity status'
Diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, and achievement
83
Sternberg's 3 components of love
Intimacy, passion, and commitment
84
Life story
A way of presenting oneself to others that is based on one's self-concept but is also influenced by other people

NUR 1110 (14 decks)

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