Human Growth & Development Flashcards
Development is integrated meaning…
When one area is affected, others are as well.
Child Development refers to what kinds of change and when
Physical, mental, and socioemotional changes that occur between birth and the end of adolescence.
True or False: Development is uniform and the same for everyone
False. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence but progress happens at different rates and is influenced by genetic & environmental factors.
Infant & Toddlers development age range
0-3
Infants & Toddlers - Healthy Growth & Development
- Physical – grows rapidly, especially brain
- Mental – learns through sense, exploring, playing, communicates by crying, babbling, then “baby talk” in simple sentence
Social-Emotional – seeks to build trust in others, dependent, beginning to develop a sense of self
- Mental – learns through sense, exploring, playing, communicates by crying, babbling, then “baby talk” in simple sentence
Infants & Toddlers - Key HC Issues
- Communication - provide security, physical closeness; promote health parent-child bonds
- Health - keep immunizations/checkups on schedule, provide proper nutrition, sleep, skin care, oral health, routine screenings
Safety - ensure a safe environment for exploring, playing, sleeping
- Health - keep immunizations/checkups on schedule, provide proper nutrition, sleep, skin care, oral health, routine screenings
Infants & Toddlers - ex. of age specific care
- Involve child & parents in care during feeding, diapering, and bathing
- Provide safe toys and opportunities for play
- Encourage child to communicate - smile, talk softly to them
Help parents learn about proper child care
Young Children age range
4-6
Young Children - Healthy Growth & Development
- Physical – grows at a slower rate, improving motor skills, dresses self, toilet trained
- Mental – begins to use symbols, improving memory, vivid imagination, fears, likes stories
Social-Emotional – identifies with parents, becomes more independent, sensitive to others feelings
- Mental – begins to use symbols, improving memory, vivid imagination, fears, likes stories
Young Children - Key Health Care Issues
- Communication – give praise, rewards, clear rules
- Health – keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; promote healthy habits (good nutrition, personal hygiene, etc.)
Safety - promote safety habits (use bike helmets, safety belts etc.)
- Health – keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; promote healthy habits (good nutrition, personal hygiene, etc.)
Young Children - Age Specific Care
- Involve parents and child in care - let child make some food choices
- Use toys and games to teach child and reduce fear
- Encourage child to ask questions, play with others and talk about feelings
Help parents teach child safety rules
Older Children age range
7-12
Older Children - Healthy Growth & Development
- Physical – grows slowly until a spurt at puberty
- Mental – understands cause and effect, read, write, do math, eager active learners
Social-Emotional – develops a greater sense of self, focuses on school activities, negotiates for greater independence
- Mental – understands cause and effect, read, write, do math, eager active learners
Older Children - Key HC Issues
- Communication - help child to feel competent, useful
- Health - keep immunizations/checkups on schedule, give information on alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, sexuality
Safety - promote safety habits (playground safety, resolving conflicts peacefully)
- Health - keep immunizations/checkups on schedule, give information on alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, sexuality
Older Children - Age Specific Care
- Allow child to make some care decisions (which are do you want the vaccine in)
- Build self esteem - ask child to help you do a task, recognize his or her achievements etc.
- Guide child in making healthy, safe, lifestyle choices
Help parents talk with child about peer pressure, sexuality, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs
Adolescent Age Range
13-18
Adolescent - Healthy Growth & Development
- Physical – grows in spurts, matures physically, able to reproduce
- Mental – becomes an abstract thinker (goes beyond simple solutions, can consider many options etc.), chooses own values
Social-Emotional – develops own identity, builds close relationships, tries to balance peer group with family interests, concerned about appearances, challenges authority
- Mental – becomes an abstract thinker (goes beyond simple solutions, can consider many options etc.), chooses own values
Adolescent - Key Health Care Issues
- Communication – provide acceptance, privacy, build teamwork, respect
- Health – encourage regular checkups, promote sexual responsibility, advise against substance abuse, update immunizations
Safety – discourage risk taking (promote safe driving, violence prevention etc)
- Health – encourage regular checkups, promote sexual responsibility, advise against substance abuse, update immunizations
Adolescent - Age Specific Care
- Treat more as an adult than child - avoid authoritarian approaches
- Show respect, be considerate of how treatment may affect relationships
- Guide teen in making positive lifestyle choices (ie correct misinformation from teens peers)
Encourage open communication between parents, teens and peers
Young Adult age range
18-35
Young Adult - Healthy Growth & Development
- Physical - reaches physical and sexual maturity, nutritional needs for maintenance not growth
- Mental - acquires new skills, information, uses these to solve problems
Social-Emotional - seeks closeness with others, sets career goals, chooses lifestyle, community, starts own family
- Mental - acquires new skills, information, uses these to solve problems
Young Adult - Key Health Care Issues
- Communication - be supportive & honest, respect personal values
- Healthy - encourage regular checkups, promote healthy lifestyle (proper nutrition, exercise, weight etc.) inform about health risks, update immunizations
Safety – provide information on hazards at home, work
- Healthy - encourage regular checkups, promote healthy lifestyle (proper nutrition, exercise, weight etc.) inform about health risks, update immunizations
Young Adult - Age Specific Care
- Support making health care decisions
- Encourage healthy and safe habits at work and home
Recognize commitments to family, career, community (time, money etc)
- Encourage healthy and safe habits at work and home
Middle Adult age range
36-64
Middle Adult - Healthy Growth and Development
- Physical – begins to age, women experience menopause, may develop chronic health problems
- Mental – uses life experiences to learn, create, solve problems
Social-Emotional – hopes to contribute to future generations, stays productive, avoids feeling stuck in life, balances dreams with reality, plans retirement, may care for children and parents
- Mental – uses life experiences to learn, create, solve problems
Middle Adult - Key Health Issues
- Communication - keep a hopeful attitude, focus on strenghts
- Health – encourage regular checkups and preventive exams, address age-related changes, monitor health risks, update immunizations
Safety – address age-related changes (effects on sense, reflexes etc.)
- Health – encourage regular checkups and preventive exams, address age-related changes, monitor health risks, update immunizations
Middle Adult - Age Specific Care
- Address worries about future – encourage talking about plans/future etc.
- Recognize physical, mental and social abilities/contributions
Help with plans for a healthy active retirement
- Recognize physical, mental and social abilities/contributions
Older Adults age range
65-79
Older Adults - Healthy Growth & Development
- Physical - ages gradually, natural decline in some physical abilities, sense
- Mental – continues to be an active learner, thinker, memory skills, may start to decline
Social-Emotional - takes on new roles (grandparent, widower), balances independence, dependence, reviews life
- Mental – continues to be an active learner, thinker, memory skills, may start to decline
Older Adults - Key Health care Issues
- Communication - give respect, prevent isolation, encourage acceptance of aging
- Health – monitor health closely, promote physical, mental, social activity, guard against depression, apathy, update immunizations
Safety – promote home safety, especially preventing falls
- Health – monitor health closely, promote physical, mental, social activity, guard against depression, apathy, update immunizations
Older Adults - Age Specific Care
- Encourage the person to talk about feelings of loss, grief, and achievements
- Provide information, materials etc about medication use and home safety
- Provide support for coping with any impairments (avoid making assumptions about loss of abilities)
Encourage social activity with peers, as a volunteer etc.
Elders age range
80+
Elders - Healthy Growth and Development
- Physical – continues to decline in physical abilities, at increasing risk for chronic illness, major health problems
- Mental – continues to learn, memory skills and/or speed of learning may decline, confusion often signals illness or medication problem
Social -emotional - accepts end of life and personal losses, lives as independently as possible
- Mental – continues to learn, memory skills and/or speed of learning may decline, confusion often signals illness or medication problem
Elders - Key Healthcare Issues
- Communication - encourage the person to express feelings, thoughts, avoid despair, use humour, stay positive
- Health - monitor health closely, promote self-care, ensure proper nutrition, activity level, rest, reduce stress, update immunizations
Safety - prevent injury, ensure safe living environment
- Health - monitor health closely, promote self-care, ensure proper nutrition, activity level, rest, reduce stress, update immunizations
Elders - Age Specific Care
- Encourage independence - provide physical, mental, social activities
- Support end of life decisions - provide info, resources etc.
Assist in self care - promote medication safety, provide safety grips, ramps and so on
- Support end of life decisions - provide info, resources etc.
6 Levels of Cognition (KCAASE)
- Knowledge: rote memorization, recognition or recall of facts
2. Comprehension: Understanding what facts mean
3. Application: correct use of the facts, rules or ideas
4. Analysis: breaking down information into component parts
5. Synthesis: Combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole
Evaluation: judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation
What is cognitive development & what does it focus on
- Focuses on development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning and other aspects of brain development
- Emergence of the ability to think and understand
Ideally, in order for a client to learn there should be objectives at each level. Clients have goals to learn in any of the THREE domains of development which are:
- Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge)
2. Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self) - Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)
Piaget stages revolve around ___. He believes Children learn through ___.
Piaget developed stages of acquiring knowledge. He believes that children learn through interaction with the environment and others.
Piaget’s theory of learning has 4 stages:
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operations
- Formal Operations
What is the age range & characteristics of the SENSORIMOTOR stage?
0-2 years
- Retains image of objects
- Develops primitive logic in manipulating objects
- Begins intentional actions
- Play is imitative
- Signals meaning (meaning in events - babysitter arriving means mother is leaving)
- Symbol meaning (language) begins in last part of stage (talking starts at age 2)
What is the age range & characteristics of the PREOPERATIONAL stage?
2-7 years
- Progress from concrete to abstract thinking
- Can comprehend past, present, future
- Night terrors
- Acquires words and symbols
- Magical thinking
- Thinking is not generalized
- Thinking is concrete, irreversible, egocentric
- Cannot see another point of view
- Thinking is centered on one detail or event
** Imaginary friends often emerge during this stage and may last into elementary school. Although children do interact with them, most know that they are not real and they are only pretending. Does NOT indicate the presence of disorder. It is normal part of development and should be normalized.
What is the age range and characteristics of the CONCRETE OPERATIONS stage?
7-11 years
- Beginnings of abstract thought
- Plays games with rules
- Cause and effect relationship understood
- Logical implications are understood
- Thinking is independent on experience
- Thinking is reversible
- Rules of logic are developed
What is the age range & characteristics of the FORMAL OPERATIONS stage?
11 through maturity
- Higher level of abstraction
- Planning for future
- Thinks hypothetically
- Assumes adult roles and responsibilities
What does Kohlberg’s theory revolve around and what are the key beliefs?
Moral development.
- Believed that moral development parallels cognitive development
- Believes there are 6 identifiable constructive stages, 3 major stages
- Higher levels of moral development allow for greater capacity in terms of decision making and allow people to handle increasingly complex dilemmas
- Must pass through each successive stage WITHOUT SKIPPING
What are the 3 main stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional (not reached by most adults)
What are the age/stages in the PRE-CONVENTIONAL level (Kohlber)?
Elementary (before age 9)
- Child obeys an authority figure out of fear of punishment. Obedience/Punishment
- Child Acts acceptably as it is in their best interest. Conforms to rules to receive rewards.
What are the age/stages in the CONVENTIONAL level (Kohlberg)?
Early Adolescence
- Person acts to gain approval from others. Good boy/girl orientation
- Obeys laws and fulfills obligations and duties to maintain social system. Rules are rules. Avoids censure and guilt.
What are the age/stages in the POSTCONVENTIONAL level (Kohlberg)?
Adult
- Genuine interest in welfare of others, concerned with individual rights and being morally right
- Guided by individual principles based on broad, universal ethical principles. Concern for larger universal issues of morality.
What is learning theory?
- Learning theory is a conceptual framework describing how information is absorbed, processes, and retained during learning.
- Cognitive, emotional and environmental influences as well as prior experience play a part in how understanding or worldview is acquired/changed as well as how knowledge/skills are retained
What are the 4 distinct orientations of Learning Theory, and their founders?
- Behaviourist (Pavlov & Skinner)
- Cognitive (Piaget)
- Humanistic (Maslow)
- Social/Situational (Bandura)
What is the Behaviourist view of Learning?
(Pavlov, Skinner) – learning is viewed through change in behaviour and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning. SW’s aim to change the external environment in order to bring about desired change.
What is the Cognitive view of learning?
Cognitive (Piaget) – learning is viewed through internal mental processes (insight, info processing, memory, perception) and the locus of learning is internal cognitive structures. SW;s aim to develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning.
What is the Humanistic view of learning?
Humanistic (Maslow) – learning is viewed as a person’s activities aimed at reaching their full potential. Locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs. SW’s aim to develop the whole person.
What is the Social/Situational view of Learning?
Social/Situational (Bandura) – learning is obtained between people and their environment and their interactions and observations in social contexts. Social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur.
What does social development do?
Social competencies enhance mental health, success in work, and ability to achieve in life tasks