Human Growth and Deveopment Flashcards
Cognitive Development
Piagets Constructivism rejects solely biological determined maturation
Theories of cognitive development
Assimilation and accommodations
Piaget
Theories of cognitive development
Assimilation and accommodations - Piaget
People adapt to their environment cognitively through
Theories of cognitive development
assimilation - Piaget
Incorporates new knowledge
Theories of cognitive development
Accommodation - Piaget
Modify existing scheme to incorporate new knowledge
Piaget’s concepts
Assimilation and accommodation
Equilibration
Stages of Devlopment
Theories of cognitive development
Equilibrium - Piaget
Motivation drive toward cognitive equilibrium
Stages of Development - Piaget
0-2 Sensorimotor
2-7 Pre-operational
7-11 Concrete Operational
11+ Formal Operational
0-2 Sensorimotor - Piaget
Object permanence
Explore symbolic thinking
2-7 Pre operational - Piaget
Egocentrism- inability to take perspective of others
Animism
Irreversible and centration- inability to conserve physical dimension of an object eg smoke water
7-11 Concrete Operations - Piaget
Understand operations or bigger or smaller
11+ Formal Operational -Piaget
Ability to think abstractly
Vygotsky’s Theory of Development
Social development
Distinguishes between elementary mental functions and higher functions
Vygotsky’s Stages in Development of Speech
Stage 1: 0-3yrs Social Speech
Stage 2: 3-7yrs Egocenteic Speech
Stage 3: 7+ Innerspeach
Theory of Language
Native approach
Learn language by exposure
The nature of language
Morphology
Rules for word formation
Reality Principle -Frued
Ego operates to seek to satisfy the id Ina realistic socially acceptable way
Freud’s Stages
Oral 0-12mo Anal 1-3yr Phallic 3-6 Latency 6-12yr Genital Stage 12+
Erikson’s - Psychosocial Development
basic trust vs mistrust (infancy) Autonomy vs Shame doubt (toddler) Initiative vs Guilt (early childhood) Industry vs Inferiority (school age) Ego vs Role Role confusion (adolescent) Intimacy vs Isolation (young adult) Generativity vs Stagnation (middle adulthood) Ego Integrity vs Despair (maturation/old age)
Buss and Plomin
Heredity has a substantial generic component
Schaefer
Parenting Styles Warm Permissive Warm restrictive Hostile permissive Hostile restrictive
Baumrind
Parenting Styles Permissive Restrictive style Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative
Kohlberg Cognitive-developmental theory
Gender typing as sequence is stages
Kuber-Ross
5 stages of dying
1) denial
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance
5 stages of dying - Kubler-Ross
1) denial
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance
Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Deveopment
Pre-conventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Post Conventional Morality
Kohlbergs Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation (avoid punishment)
Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonism (obtain rewards)
Kohlbergs Conventional Morality
Stage 3: Good Boy/ Good Girl (approved by others)
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation (legitimate authorities)
Kohlbergs Post Conventional Morality
Stage 5: Morality of Contract, Individual Rights and Democratically Accepts (Laws can change)
Stage 6: Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience (self chosen universal principles)
Carol Gilligan
Moral Development for Women
Moral Development -Gilligan
Selfish
Social (Conventional) Morality
Post Conventional (Principled) Moralities
Task and Milestones Theories of Development
Achieving tasks and milestones
Havighurst Development Tasks
Robert Havighurst
Six developmental tasks
1) infancy and early childhood
2) middle childhood
3) adolescence
4) early adulthood
5) middle age
6) later maturity
Havighurst developmental tasks infancy to early childhood
Birth to 6yrs
Walk Take solid food Learning to talk Learning to control pee & poo Learning sex differences Forming concepts and language to describe social and physical reality Getting ready to read
Havighurst middle childhood developmental tasks
6yrs to 12
Physical skills for ordinary games Wholesome attitudes towards oneself Get along with age-mates Learn Male/Female roles Fundamental reading Concepts for everyday life Conscience morality Personal independence Developing attitudes towards social groups/institutions
Havighurst middle adolescent developmental tasks12-18
Mature relationships with age mates Accepting physique Achieving emotional independence Prepare for marriage and family life Prepare for career Acquire a set of values and ethics Desire and achieve socially responsible behavior
Havighurst early adulthood developmental tasks
Selecting mate Achieving male/female role Learning to live with marriage partner Starting Family Rearing children manage home Start occupation Start civic responsibility Find social group
Havighurst Middle age developmental tasks
Assisting teenage children Achieve social/civil responsibility Satisfaction in career Develop leisure time activities Relating to spouse Adjust to physiological change of middle age Adjust to parenting
Havighurst Later Maturity developmental tasks
Adjust decrease physical health/strength Adjust retirement Adjust to death of spouse Affiliate with ones age group Adopt social roles Establish physical living arangements
Harlow and Zimmerman
Attachment theory comfort theory baby monkey likes cuddly parent. Theory attachments to form attachments for survival
Attachment Phenomena
Separation anxiety Stranger danger prolonged separation -protest -despair - detachment
Sigelman and Shaffer
Divorce and Remarriage
Stressful for all members
Belsky and Rovine
Maternal employment and daycare no negative affects of daycare
Sharon Kethcam
Risk and Protective factors in childhood studies
Rosenthal and Jacobson
Teacher expectations
Self fulfilling prophecy
Head start works
School Counselor functions
Diagnostic assessment Remediation Education Research Prevention and Maladaption Promotion of healthy development
School counselor tests of learning potential
Stanford-Binet WISC-IV WIPPSI and WAIS IV McCarthy Scale of Children's Abilities Non-verbal Intelligence Test
School counselor tests for perceptual-premotor functioning
Bender-Gestalt Visual Motor Test
Berry Test of Visual Motor Integration
School counselor tests of adaptive behavior
Vineland Test for Social Maturity
Cann-Levine Social Competency Scale
School counselor tests of personality tests
Draw a person House tree person kinetic family drawing The Rorschach Children's Apperception Test (CAT) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) The Bender-Gestalt
School counselor tests of learning disabilities
Illinois Test of Psochyljnquistics Abilities (ITPA)
Wepman Test of Auditory Discrimination
School counselor tests of achievements
Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) Key Math Woodcock Stanford Achievement Test Wide Range Achievement Test
IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities Act
SOMPA
System of Multicultural pluralistic Assessment
Mercer Lewis
Purpose a system of assessment based on multi-cultural pluralist model
MBD
Minimum brain dysfunction syndrome
Pavlov’s Dog
Classical Conditioning
3 common uses of classical conditioning
Systematic desensitization
Aversive counterconditioning
Assertiveness training
John B Watson
Albert B white rat experiment
Edward Thorndike
Provisional laws of learning behaviorist
BFF Skinner
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning
BEHAVIOR INCREASES
Positive Reinforcement-reward
Negative Reinforcement-relief
BEHAVIOR DECREASES
Punishment (Stimulus applied)
Punishment (Stimulus removed)
Life Span Development
Nature-Nurture Controversy Cognitive Development Language Development Personality Development Moral development Tasks & Milestones Theories Family factors Risk resilience factors The effect of school School counseling
The nature of language
Phonology
What a language sounds like
The nature of language
Syntax
The rules which specify how word should be combined into form sentences
The nature of language
Semantics
Selecting words and phrases which express one’s intended meaning
The nature of language
Pragmatics
How language is to be used in different social contexts
Freud’s Stages
Oral stage
During this stage and Weening is the primary source of conflict
Freud’s Stages
Anal stage
Main issues during the stages control of bodily waste
Freud’s Stages
Phallic stage
Sex-role sensations is located in the genitalia primary task resolution of the Oedipal conflict
Freud’s Stages
Latency stage
Libidinal and energy is diffuse rather than focus on any one area of the bodysocial skills emphasized
Freud’s Stages
Genital stage
Successful outcome occurs when sexual desire is bonded with affection to produce mature sexual relationship
Erikson’s - Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial crisis
Stages of development are based in social crisis rather than sexual prices
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Basic trust versus mistrust
Positive relationship with ones primary caretaker
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
A sense of self develops from positive interactions with one’s parents
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Initiative versus guilt
Favorable relationships produce an ability to set goals and devise and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Industry versus inferiority
Most important influences at this stage are people in the neighborhood child must master certain school and academic skills
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Ego identity versus role confusion
Pure are the dominant social influence during adolescence positive outcome reflected in a sense of personal identity and direction for the future
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Intimacy versus isolation
Main task during early adult is establishing intimate bond of love and friendship
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Generativity versus stagnation
I generative person exhibits commitment to the well-being of future generations
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Ego integrity versus despair
In this final stage of development social influence broadens to include all mankind integrity requires coming to terms with one owns limitations and mortality
Parenting styles
Warm/permissive
Children of warm excepting parents tend to be independent outgoing assertive active tolerant and high in esteem
Parenting styles
Warm/restrictive
Children of parents who are high and affection control or typically depended insecure and low and creativity
Parenting styles
Hostile/permissive
Hostile noncontrolling parents usually have children who are disobedient aggressive and rebellious
Parenting styles
Hostile/restrictive
Children reared by hostile controlling parents are often socially withdrawn Or self punishing
Parenting styles
Authoritarian
Parents impose absolute standards of conduct stress obedience and are willing to use physical punishment to gain compliance children are often irritable dependent submissive and have limited sense of responsibility Lower achievers
Parenting styles
Permissive
Parents to provide their children a few controls and display moderate levels of warms children are usually impulsive aggressive self-centered and no one achievement and independence
Parenting styles
Authoritative
Parents adopt a more moderate approach and combine rational control with worms they set rules are flexible explain the rationale for the rolls children are independent assertive self-confidence socially responsible and tend to do better in school
Peer factors
Childhood
Children who are popular with their peers have moderate levels of self-esteem are more attractive intelligent and creative have good role taking skills and high levels of self-control
Peer factors
Adolescents
Market increase susceptibility to pressure peer pressure as evidenced by adolescents conformity such as fashions music social activities.
Still strongly influenced by their parents
Peer factors
Gender differences
Females are more likely to stress intimacy and shared feelings while males tend to focus more on shared activities
Theories of gender role development
Biological theories
Stress the role of hormones
Theories of gender role development
Social learning theory
Gender typing results from a combination of observational learning and differential reinforcement
Theories of gender role development
Cognitive developmental theory
Age 2 or 3 children acquire gender identity
Soon after children realize that gender identity is stable
Age 6 or seven children understand gender is constant over situations
Gesell’s developmental milestones
Made it possible to apply standards for development against children may be compared to indicate how normally they are growing
Bayley developmental scale
1-3 mo turns head
4-6 mo shows fear sits up
7-9 mo control trunk stranger danger
10-12 mo stands alone mama dada
15 mo climb stairs throw objects
18 mo walk runs express whole phrases
24 mo toilet training speaks 3-4 words parallel play
36 mo walks tiptoes rides tricycles vocabulary 1000 words
4-5 U.S. Climbs jumps 2000 words
6-7 hops gallops gender consistency understand death
8-9 movement more graceful enjoy school skills
10-12 good control peer group extremely important
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
0-3 mo
Turn head from side to side
play with hands and fingers
Cries when I’m comfortable eventually cries become differentiated
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
4 to 6 mo
Sits up hold up head live shoulders shows for your response to visual cliff Babbles is able to differentiate between family members
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
7 to 9 Mo
Control of trunk sits alone increasingly good coordination
Makes about sounds goes from crying and laughing quickly
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
10-12 mo
Sit steadily stands erects stands alone walks
Imitates behaviors of others simple games of Patticake peekaboo word spoken
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
15 mo
Able to climb stairs walks alone come through objects
Names familiar objects vocalizes wants
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
18 mo
Walks and runs with wide stance walking sideways and backwards
Uses about 50 words to word phrases
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
24 mo
Walks with steady gait runs fairly controlled uses toilet
Speaks in 3 to 4 word sentences exhibits grammatically over regulate station enjoys parallel play
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
36 mo
Walks on tiptoes standalone on 1 foot throw a ball fortify feet rights tricycle
Vocabulary about 1000 words talked and sentences shows understanding of feelings
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
4-5 yrs
Claims and jumps goes upstairs throws a ball overhand run skillfully Hops and jumped rope
Understands gender stability vocabulary over 2000 words repeats a sentence of 10 syllables
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
6-7 yrs
Climbs hop scallops begins to use hands as tools ties shoelaces enjoy sports
Command of all types of sentence structure understands gender constancy needs a little assistance dressing understands death
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
8 to 9 yrs
Movements more graceful Eye/hand coordination skillful in manual activities begin’s handwriting enjoys new skills
Acquired in school increasingly self-reliant develop social skills
Bayley developmental scale
Motor/perceptual development
Social/language development
10-12 yrs
Good muscular control manipulative skills equal to adults
Peer group is extremely important usually prefers to play with members of own sex
Attachment Phenomena
Separation anxiety
Caused by separation from primary caretaker begin 6 to 8 months peaks 14 to 18 months
Attachment Phenomena
Stranger anxiety
Beginning eight months infants become anxious and fearful in the presence of stranger continue through the first year declines in the second year
Attachment Phenomena
Prolong to separation
Protest stage child refuses to except separation
Despair stage child seems to give up on all hope for reconciliation
Detachment child begins to except attention from others seems less unhappy
Risk and protection factors
General risk and protective factors
Boys externalize behaviors girls internalize behaviors and are often ignored
A single risk factor can only be accounted for in 30% of any behavioral problem
Risk and protection factors
Individual risk factors
Physical development problems are more common in young boys
Second decade of life more challenging for girls
Peers to use alcohol and drugs are the surest predictor of use among youth
Lack of skills for dressing responsibility is risky situations
Risk and protection factors
Family risk factors
Highly critical inconsistent parenting
Very busy parents
Remaining an abusive or conflict and families
Risk and protection factors
School risk factors
High demands for student performance without support
Programming based around competitive learning
very large schools
Risk and protection factors
Community risk factors
High mobility
Lax community laws
Poverty is not a direct risk factor only increases risk
Risk and protection factors
Individual protective factors
Sense of self efficacy and problem-solving provide protection
High premium put on looks combined with critical behavior
Risk and protection factors
Family protective factors
Children who have been assigned chores that are important to the functioning of the home
Strong bond with at least one parent
Risk and protection factors
School protective factors
Belief and potential of all students
Required helpfulness
High demand for student performance
Risk and protection factors
Community protective factors
A close friend
A community where people look out for each other
Risk and protection factors
Prevention programs based on risk and protective factors
Programs which target multiple domains including school community
Short-term programs
Focused almost exclusively on individual risk
Programs to impact parent literacy education
Sports programs
Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike
When a response made in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event the connection between the stimulus and the response is strengthenedwhen unpleasant connection between the stimulus and response as weakened
Operant conditioning
Escape conditioning
Behavior is increased because performance of that behavior allows the organism to escape a stimulus
Operant conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Behavior is increased because performance of the behavior allows the organism them to avoid a stimulus
The process of operant conditioning
The Skinner box
Bar pressing and keep packing in routes and pigeon within the confines of a box like apparatus the operant chamber
The process of operant conditioning
Extinction
The withholding of a reinforcer and the consequent decline in operant response strength
The process of operant conditioning
Conditioned reinforcer or
Reinforcers such as grades token acquire reinforcing value only through their repeated association with the primary reinforcer
The process of operant conditioning
Conditioned reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
The token to maintain the operant conditioning
The process of operant conditioning
Schedule of reinforcement
Schedules of reinforcement refers to rules which determine how often reinforcements will follow a response
The process of operant conditioning
Fixed interval
Subject is reinforced after fixed. Time regardless of the number of responses tends to produce minimal level of work
The process of operant conditioning
Variable interval
The interval between delivery of reinforcement vary in unpredictable manner eg 10,40,20, 50 seconds overall study behavior is maximized
The process of operant conditioning
Fixed ratio
Reinforcer is delivered each time the subject makes a specific number of responses greater the number of responses the greater reward higher quantity but lower quality in a work force resulting in work or fatigue resulting from reluctance to take breaks
The process of operant conditioning
Variable ratio
Reinforces are provided after a very number of responses a rat might be reinforced after 45 35,25 and 15 bar presses variable schedule produces high rates of responding and behaviors most resistant to extinction
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Typically manifest early in development often before the child enters gradeschool
Intellectual disability
Three diagnostic criteria
1)deficit and intellectual functioning 2)deficits in adaptive functioning the 3)onset of intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits during the developmental.
Communication disorder child onset fluency disorder
Differential diagnosis childhood onset through and see disorder must be distinguished from normal speech disposal and sees that often occur in early childhood
Autistic spectrum disorder
Persistent deficit in social communication and interaction across multiple context
Restricted repetitive patterns of behavior
Presence of symptoms during the early developmental.
Impairment in social occupational and other areas of functioning
Autistic spectrum disorder
Differential diagnosis
Must be distinguished from RETT syndrome, selective mutism language disorder, intellectual disability, stereotypic movement disorder, ADHD and schizophrenia
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Characterized by a pattern and inattention and or hyperactivity impulsivity that has persisted for at least six months prior to 12 years of age present in at least two settings home and school.requires six characteristic symptoms
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Combined six in 2 settings for 6 months
Inattention characteristics
Fails to give close attention to details; has difficulty sustaining attention to task or play activities; doesn’t listen listen when directed spoken to; fails to finish schoolwork or chores; is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli; is often forgetful in daily activities
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Combined six in 2 settings for 6 months
Hyperactivity – impulsivity characteristics
Frequently fidgets or squirms and seed; often leave seats at inappropriate times; frequently runs or climbs in inappropriate situation; talks excessively; has difficulty waiting his turn; interrupt or intrude some others
Specific learning disorder
Diagnosed when a person exhibits difficulties relating to academic skills as indicated by the presence of at least one characteristic symptoms that persist for at least six months despite the provision of intervention targeting those difficulties
Specific learning disorder
At least one for six months
Characteristics
Include in accurate or slow and effortful reading; difficulty understanding the meanings of what is read; difficulties with spelling; difficulties with written expression; difficulties mastering number sense, number fact, or calculations; difficulty with mathematical reasoning
Motor disorder: tics disorder
A sudden rapid reoccurring on Rithmetic motor movement or vocalization includes eye blinking
Motor disorder: tics disorder
Tourette’s disorder
Characterized by the presence of at least one VocalTec and multiple murder text me if you’re simultaneously or at different times
Motor disorder: tics disorder
Persistent motor or Vocal Tic disorder
Involve single or multiple more to her vocal tics to have persisted for more than one year began prior to 18
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Presence of one or more of the following
Delusions what’s believes that firmly held despite everyone else’s beliefs Hallucinations perceptions like experience that occur without external stimulus
Disorganize thinking usually inferred from the individual speech
Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behaviors can take several forms including unpredicted agitation
Negative symptoms involving restriction in range and intensity of emotions
Delusional disorder
Presence of one or more delusions at least one month
EROTOMANIC Believe that someone is romantically in love with individual
GRANDIOSE Believe that he has great but unrecognized talent or insight
JEALOUS Belief that one spouse or lover is unfaithful
PERSECUTORY Belief that one is being conspired against cheated spied on poisoned
SOMATIC Belief that one has an abnormal bodily function or sensation
MIXED
UNSPECIFIED
Schizophrenia
Presence of at least 2 active phase symptoms delusional hallucinations disorganized speech grossly disorganized behavior negative symptoms for at least one month with at least one symptom being delusional or hallucinations or disorganize speech
Schizophrenia
Differential diagnosis
Must be distinguished from the effects of the anphentamines and cocaine.
One psychotic symptoms occur only during episode of mood disturbance the diagnosis is major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features
Schizophreniform disorder
Identical to the schizophrenia disorder except that the disturbances present for at least one month but less than six months
Brief psychotic disorder or
Characterized by the presence of one or more of four characteristic symptoms delusions hallucinations. Symptoms are present for at least one day but less than one month and with an eventual return to premobid functioning
Schizoaffective disorder
Is characterized by an uninterrupted periods of illness which at some time there are concurrent symptoms of schizophrenia and symptoms of major depressive or manic episode with a period of at least two weeks without prominent mood symptoms
Bipolar I disorder
Requires at least one manic episode with the distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated expansive or irritable mood and abnormality and persistently increased goal directed activity or energy episode was last for at least one week we present most of the day nearly every day and include at least three characteristics inflated self-esteem grandiosity decreased need for sleep excessive talking flight of ideas. Requires that symptoms cause market impairment in school or occupational functioning requiring hospitalization to avoid harm to self or others orange with psychotic features features may also include one or more episodes of hypomania or depression major
Bipolar II disorder
Requires at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode hypomania is a distinct. Of abnormally and persistently elevated expansive and or irritable mood bus for at least four consecutive days and his present most of the day nearly every day not severe enough to cause market impairment in social occupational functioning or requiring hospitalization major depressive episode last for at least two weeks or involves five and the more characteristics and one must be depressed mood
Cyclothymic disorder
Characteristic by numerous. Hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for hypomanic episode or numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for major depressive episode symptoms lasting for two years and adults or 1 year in children and adolescents must cause significant distress or impairment in functioning
Depressive disorders
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Presence of severe recurrent temper outburst manifested verbally i.e. verbal rages or behavioral physical aggression toward people or property that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation. Chronic persistent irritability or angry mood between temper outburst on most days symptom must be present for 12 months exhibits at least two of three settings. temper outbursts are inconsistent with individual development level occur on average at least three times each week cannot be assigned for this individual is 6 years of age or after she is 18 of age and age of onset must be before 10
Depressive disorders
Major depressive episode
Requires the presence of at least five symptoms of major depressive episode nearly every day for at least two weeks with at least one some to being depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure symptoms and depressed mood our market diminished interest or pleasure in most or all activity significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain or decrease or increase in appetite insomnia or hypersomnia psychomotor agitation or retardation fatigue or loss of energy feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt diminished ability to think or concentrate recurrent thoughts of death recurrent suicidal I donations or a suicide attempt clinically significant distress or impairment functioning
Depressive disorders
Major depressive episode
Differential diagnosis
Psychotic symptoms occur exclusively during periods of mood disturbance major depressive disorder or that occurs in reaction to a psychosocial stressor different from an adjustment disorder with depressed mood in that in the letter the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder or not met
Depressive disorders
Persistent depressive disorder Dysthymia
Characterized by depressed mood on most days for at least two years in adults for at least one year in children and adolescents as indicated by the presence of at least two of the following symptoms poor appetite or over eating insomnia or hypersomnia no energy or fatigue low self-esteem poor concentration or difficulty making decisions feelings of hopelessness during the two years that individual has not been symptom-free for more than two months and the symptoms can cause significant distress or impaired functioning
Depressive disorders
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Presence of at least five characteristics during the final week or onset of mences with improvement within a few days after onset of menses.irritability or anger depressed mood self-deprecating thoughts anxiety or tension and at least one symptom must be decreased interest in usual activities impaired concentration lethargic market change in appetite Heiple thoughts on the or in some sense of being overwhelmed are out-of-control or physical symptoms breast swelling or joint or muscle pain
Anxiety disorders
Separation anxiety
Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures evidenced by at least three symptoms recurrent of excess distress when anticipating or experience separation from home or major attachments; persistent excessive fear of being alone; repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation from an attachment figure occurs; diagnostic must last for at least four weeks in children and adolescents or at least six months and adults must cost clinical significant distress or impairment functioning.
Anxiety disorders
Social anxiety disorder
Intense fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others; avoids the situation or Indares them with intense fear anxiety; The individual fears or anxiety is not proportion to the actual threat posed by the situation; typically last six months causes significant distress or impaired functioning; situations include public speaking attending parties initiating conversation and speaking to authority figures.
Anxiety disorders
Panic disorder
Reoccurrence unexpected panic attacks with at least one attack being followed by one month of persistent concern about having additional tax or about their consequences; abrupt surge of fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes. at Least 4 characteristic symptoms must be present; palpitations or accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, feelings of choking, chest pains, or discomfort Parathesis; fear of losing control
Anxiety disorders
Agoraphobia
Presence of marked fear or anxiety about at least two of the following situations; using public transportation being in an open space being in enclosed spaces standing in line or being part of a crowd being outside the home alone. Individual fears or avoid the situations due to the concern that escape might be difficult in the case the person develops panic like incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms.not professional to actual threat posed by the situation typically lasts for six months.
Anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder
Excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities which are relatively constant for at least six months, find it difficult to control, cause clinical significance distress or impaired functioning. Must include at least three of the following symptoms one symptom for children restlessness film feeling keyed up or on edge being easily fatigued difficulty concentrating irritability muscle tension sleep disturbance most often worry about performance in school and sports activity or about earthquakes tornadoes or disasters. In adults excessive worry about personal health or my nerves or routine matters.
Obsessive-compulsive related disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Characterized by recurrent obsessions and or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. Obsessions are persistent thoughts impulses are images that a person experiences as intrusions and unwanted and she attempts to ignore suppress. Compulsions are repetitive and deliberate behavior or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform either in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules.
Obsessive-compulsive related disorders
Body dysmorphic disorder
Characterized by a preoccupation with a death defects or flaws and appearance that appears minor unobservable to others. People with this disorder often seek plastic surgery or other medical treatment to correct the perceived defect or flaw
Obsessive-compulsive related disorders
Hoarding disorder
Involves persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions regarding their actual value due to a need to save the items or to distress associated with parting with them
Trauma and stress are related disorders
Reactive attachment disorder
Consistent pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior towards adult caregiver as manifested by a lack of seeking or responding to comfort one distrust and a persistent social and emotional disturbance that includes at least two of the following symptoms: minimal social and emotional responses to other people; limited positive effect; episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness when interacting with adult caregivers. symptoms must be present prior to five years of age and a child must have a developmental age of at least nine months
Trauma and stress are related disorders
Disinhibited social engagement disorder
Characterized by a pattern of behavior that involves inappropriate interaction with unfamiliar adults as evidenced by at least two of the following: reduced her absence of reticence in approaching or interaction with unfamiliar adults; overly familiar behavior was unfamiliar adults; diminished her absence of checking with an adult caregiver after venturing away from him or her; willingness to company unfamiliar adults with little or no hesitation. child must have at least Felt mental age of nine months had experienced extreme insufficient care and at least one of the following: basic emotional needs for comfort stimulation and affection are not met by an adult caregiver; repeated changes in primary caregivers that limit the ability to form stable attachment; wearing in on unusual environment that Limits opportunity for selective attachments
Trauma and stress are related disorders
Post dramatic stress disorder
For adults adolescents and children over six must have the following:
Exposure to actual or threatened death serious injury or sexual violence at least in the following ways: witnessed the event in person or as it happens to other learning that the event occurred to a close family member or friend repeated or extreme exposure to adverse details of the event
Presence of at least one of the following: intrusive intrusion symptoms recurrent involuntary distressing memories of the event recurrent distressing dreams related to the event dissociative reactions in which the person feels or ask if they event is reoccurring intends to prolong psychological with exposed to reminders of the event
Persistence avoidance of stimuli associated with the event
Negative change in condition or mood associated with the vent in the ability to remember and important aspect of an event
Market change and arousal and reactivity associated with the event as evident evidence by irritable babe behavior and angry outbursts
Trauma and stress are related disorders
Acute stress disorder
Requires exposure to the actual or threatened death severe injury are such a violation and least one of four ways direct experience of the even;t witnessing of the event as it happened; learning that the event occurred to close family member; repeated or extreme exposure to the details of the event.
at least nine symptoms from any of the five categories must be present (intrusion, negative mood, dissociative disorder symptoms, avoidance, arousal )symptoms must have a duration of three days to one month causing clinically significant distress or impairment
Trauma and stress are related disorders
Adjustment disorder
Development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to one or more identifiable psychosocial stressors within three months of onset of the stressor. Must be clinically significant as evidence by the presence of marked distress that is not proportional to the severity of the stress or they must remit within six months after termination of the stress or its consequences. Specifiers include: with depressed mood; with anxiety; with mixed anxiety and depressed mood;with disturbance of conduct; with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct; an unspecified period
Dissociative disorders
Disruption of and/or just couldn’t continuity discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness memory identity emotion perception body representation motor control and behavior
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Somatic symptom disorder
Presence of one or more more somatic symptoms that caused distress or significant disruption in daily life accompanied by excess thoughts feelings or behaviors related to symptoms as manifested by at least one of the following: persistent and disproportionate thoughts about seriousness of symptoms; persistent high level of anxiety to be at one about one’s health or symptoms; excess of time and energy devoted to health concerns her symptoms. Usually persistent more than six months in duration
Somatic symptom and related disorders
In this anxiety disorder
Characterized by a preoccupation with having a serious illness in absence of somatic symptoms or the presence of mild somatic symptoms a high-level insight and Anxiety about one’s health; performance of excessive health related behavior or maladaptive avoidance of doctors hospital etc. preoccupation has been present for at least six months
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Conversion disorder
Requires the presence of symptoms that involve disturbances in voluntary motor or sensory functioning and suggests a serious neurological or other medical condition. Paralysis, seizures, blindness, lots of pain sensation with evidence of incompatible incompatibility between the symptoms and the recognize neurological or medical conditions
Feeding and eating disorders
Pica
Persistent eating of nonnutritional substances paint plaster insects etc. for at least one month not a part of culturally sanctioned practice.
Feeding and eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa’s
Restriction of energy intake that leads to significant low bodyweight for the persons age gender and developmental her to gender and physical health and intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat or behavior that interferes with weight gain; a disturbance in the way the person experiences his or her bodyweight or shape or a persistent lack of recognition of Siri and seriousness of her low bodyweight
Feeding and eating disorders
Bulimia nervosa’s
Characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating better accompanied by a sense of lack of control; inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting misuse of laxatives or diuretic fasting or excessive exercise; self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight must occur on average at least one week for three months.
Elimination disorders
Enuresis
Repeatedly voiding of your and into bed or close at least twice a week for three or more consecutive months
Elimination disorders
Encopresis
Involuntary or unintentional passage of thesis into place is not appropriate for that purpose and clothing the floor symptoms must occur for at least once a month for three months must be four years of age
Sleep wake disorders
Insomnia disorder
Dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality that is associated with at least one of the following symptoms: difficulty initiating sleep; difficulty maintaining sleep; early-morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep.last at least three months
Sleep wake disorders
Narcolepsy
Attacks of your recipe irrepressible need to sleep with lapses into sleep or daytime naps that occur at least three times per week and have been present for at least three months also requires a diagnosis episodes of cataplexy Hypocrerin deficiency or rapid eye movement. Many individuals with this disorder experience hypnopompic hallucinations which are respectively vivid hallucinations before or upon falling asleep or just after we getting
Sleep wake disorders
Nightmare disorder
Repeated occurrence of extended extremely dysphoric and will remember dreams that usually involved efforts to avoid threats to survival, security or physical integration
Sexual dysfunctions
Erectile disorder
Presence of at least one of the three symptoms market difficulty in obtaining an erection during sexual activities market difficulty in maintaining a direction until completion of sexual activities marked decrease in erectile rigidity on all or almost all occasions of sexual activities must have persisted at least six months.
Sexual dysfunctions
Genito- pelvic pain penetration disorder
The presence of persistent reoccurring difficulties involved in one or more of the following: vaginal penetration during intercourse; marked Genito-pelvic pain during intercourse or penetration attempts; market anxiety about Genito-pelvic pain before, during or, as a result of that penetration; market intense tensing of pallet for muscles during attempted vaginal penetration
Sexual dysfunctions
Premature ejaculation
Presence of persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation during partnered sex activities within about one minute of before penetration or before the person desires it must be persistent at least six months.
Gender dysphoria
Incongruence between ones assigned gender at birth and once experienced or express gender as evidenced by a strong desire to be the under other gender and at least five of the following symptoms: strong preference for where in photos of the other gender; a strong preference for cross gender role during play; a strong preference for toys and activities typically used engaged in by the other gender, is strong preference for playmates of the other gender; a strong rejection of toys and activities used or engaged in by the assigned gender; a strong dislike of one’s own sexual anatomy; a strong desire for primary and secondary sex characteristics of 16 experienced gender symptoms must occur at least six months
Phallic disorders
Intense and persistent sexual interests other than sexual interest in genitalia stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypical normal physically mature consulting partners
Disruptive impulse control and conduct disorders
Oppositional defiance disorder
Recurrent pattern in an angry irritable mood argument to find behavior or vindictiveness as evidenced by at least 4 characteristic symptoms that are exhibited during interactions with at least one person who is not a sibling e.g. often loses temper; often argues with authority figures; often actively refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules; often blames others for his mistakes
Disruptive impulse control and conduct disorders
Intermittent explosive disorder or
Recurrent behavioral outbursts that are related to an inability to control aggressive impulses as manifested by verbal or physical aggression that occurs on average twice a week and has persisted for at least three months three behavioral outbursts that cause damage or destruction of property and/or physical assault during a 12 month. Severity of aggression is not proportional to provocation or anticipated social structure stressor can be assigned individuals under six years of age
Disruptive impulse control and conduct disorders
Conduct disorder
Persistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and or age-appropriate school norms or rules as evidenced by the presence of presence of at least three characteristic symptoms during the past 12 months. And one sometime in the past six months. Four categories: aggression to people and animals; destruction of property; deceitfulness or theft; and serious violation of rules.
Substance related and addictive disorders
Substance use disorder
Characterized by a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance related problems. Impaired control; social impairment; risky use; pharmacological criteria.
Substance related and addictive disorders
Substance induced disorder
Include substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, substance medication induced mental disorders. The latter disorder or potentially severe Julie temporary but sometimes persisting central nervous system that develops in the context of the effects of a substance abuse medications are toxins.
Substance related and addictive disorders
Alcohol induced
Alcoholic and talk to Cayson; alcohol withdrawal; alcohol withdrawal delirium; alcohol induced major neurotic ignition disorder.
Personality disorders
Cluster A
Paranoid personality disorder
For features a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness that entails interpreting the motives of others as malevolent the diagnosis requires a person have at least four of the following symptoms: suspects that others are exporting, harming, or deceiving him/her without a sufficient basis for doing so; is preoccupied with unjust doubts about the trustworthiness of others; is reluctant to confide in others; reads demeaning contents to the nine remarks or event; persistently bears grudges;receive the tax on his character and quickly react with anger or counterattack; is persistently suspicious up about fidelity of spouse or sexual partner without justification
Personality disorders
Cluster A
Schizoid personality disorder
Pervasive pattern of detachment from interpersonal relationships and restricted range of emotions expressed chance in social settings. At least for the following symptoms must be present: doesn’t desire or enjoy close relationship; almost always choose a solitary activities; has little interest in sexual relationship; takes pleasure in few activities; lacks close friends or confidence other than first-degree relatives; seems indifferent to praise or criticism; exhibits emotional coldness or detachment
Personality disorders
Cluster A
Schizotypal personality disorder
Diagnosed in the presence of pervasive social and interpersonal deficits involving accute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships with a central cities in cognition, perceptions and behavior. Requires the presence of at least five characteristics similar symptoms;: body Bali illusions and other unusual perception; exhibits all thinking and speech; is suspicious and has paranoid ideation; has inappropriate or constricted affect; has peculiarities and behavior and appearance; lacks close friends are confidants or other first-degree relatives; has excess social anxiety.
Personality disorders
Cluster B
Antisocial personality disorder or
Characterized by a pattern of disregard for the violation of the rights of others that has occurred since age 15 as an and is involved at least three characteristic symptoms: tell you to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior; deceitfulness; impulsivity; irritability and aggressiveness; recklessness and disregard for the safety of others and self; consistent your responsibility; lack of remorse.
Personality disorders
Cluster B
Borderline personality disorder
Pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationship self-image and effect and a market impulsivity that began in early adulthood and as a parent in multiple contacts. At least five characteristic symptoms: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment; pattern of unstable, intense interpersonal relationships that are marketed by fluctuations between ideate IDs Asian and evaluation; and identity disturbance involving persistent instability of self image or self; impulsivity in these two areas that are potentially damaging sex or substances; recurrent suicidal threats are gestures; affect of instability; chronic feelings of emptiness; inappropriate intense anger or difficulty controlling anger; transient stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.
Personality disorders
Cluster B
Histrionic personality disorder
Characterized by a pervasive pattern of emotionally and attention seeking at least five characteristics symptoms must be present; discomfort when not in the center of attention; inappropriately sexually seductive or provocative; rapidly shifting and shallow emotions; consistent use of physical appearance to gain attention; excessive impressionistic speak speech that is lacking in detail; exaggerated expression of emotion; easily influenced by others; considers relationship to be more intimate than they are.
Personality disorders
Cluster B
Narcissistic personality disorder or
Pervasive pattern of grandiosity as indicated by at least five of the following symptoms; grandiose sense of self importance; preoccupied with fantasies unlimited success power beauty love; believes she is unique and can be understood only by other high status people; requires excessive admiration; has a sense of entitlement; is interpersonally exploitive; lacks empathy; is often envious of others or believes others are envious of her; exhibits arrogant behavior and attitudes.
Personality disorders
Cluster C
Avoidant personality disorder
Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition feelings of an adequate see and hypersensitivity to negative evaluations as indicated by four characteristics: avoids work activities involving interpersonal contacted to fear for the system rejection or disapproval; is unwilling to get involved with people in the certainty of being like; exhibits restraint in intimate relationships due to fear of being ridiculed; is preoccupied with concerns about being criticized or rejected; is inhibited in new relationships to feelings of inadequacy; do you self as socially inapt;inferior, or unappealing to others; is usually reluctant to engage in the activities because they may be embarrassing.
Personality disorders
Cluster C
Dependent personality disorder
Displays a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of which leads to submissive behavior and fear of separation requires five symptoms: difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurance from others; need others to assume responsibility for most aspects of her life; figures disagreeing with others because it might lead to a loss of support; has difficulty initiating prod projects on her own; goes to great lengths to gain nurturing and support from others; feels helpless or uncomfortable when alone; urgently six another’s relationship for support when a close risk nation ship and; is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to care for herself
Personality disorders
Cluster C
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Person displays a persistent preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and meet mental and interpersonal control that severely limits her flexibility, openness, and efficiency. At least four characteristics: is preoccupied with details, rules, etc. so that the major point of activity is lost; exhibits perfection is it perfectionism that interferes with task completion; is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities of friendship; is over conscientious and if flexible about morality, ethics and values; unable to discard worn-out are worthless object; reluctant to delegate work to others unless they are willing to do ither way; adopt some miserly spending style toward self and others; exhibits rigidity and stubbornness
